柬埔寨华人家庭语言规划与华语传承调查研究

提 要 采用量性和质性相结合的研究方法实地调查柬埔寨实居省乌廊市华人家庭语言规划及华语传承情况后发现，华人家庭在华语传承中起着留根育苗的重要作用。家长综合利用家庭内外资源进行华语管理，子女的华语使用频率及华语能力较父辈有明显提升。家长与子女具备华语忠诚与族群认同，其华语传承动机兼具象征性与工具性。影响华人家庭华语传承的因素主要有：华族的自我赋能，华语的声望价值及华语新媒体的传播，华语的语言韧力，中柬两国的友好关系等。建议今后华语传承研究采用跨学科的理论方法，在实地调研的基础上分析各类因素对华语传承的影响，归纳华语传承的普遍机制。

关键词 柬埔寨;华人家庭语言规划;华语传承;语言忠诚;语言韧力

中图分类号 H002 文献标识码 A 文章编号 2096-1014（2021）04-0029-15

DOI 10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20210403

Abstract This paper adopts a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to investigate the family language policy and Huayu inheritance in the Chinese diaspora of Oudong， Cambodia. Generally， the research results show that the Chinese families play an important role in preserving and maintaining Huayu in Cambodia. The parents made full use of the resources available inside and outside the family to empower Huayu. Compared to the parents， the younger generations overall Huayu proficiency has shown clear improvement in terms of frequency of uses and language competence. Both parents and children have a high loyalty to Huayu and a strong identification with their Chinese ethnic identity， and their Huayu inheritance has symbolic and instrumental motivations. The main factors that may influence Huayu inheritance include： the self-empowerment of Chinese people， the prestige of Huayu in a broader sense and the spread of new Chinese media， the language resilience of Huayu， and the bilateral relations between China and Cambodia. In the future， more interdisciplinary research on the overseas Chinese communities is required to measure the actual effects of these factors and generalize the universal mechanisms governing the inheritance of Huayu.

Key words Cambodia; ethnic Chinese family language policy; Huayu maintenance; language loyalty; language resilience

一、引 言

華人在海外诸国多属少数族群。少数族群语言保持因使用人口、社会地位、使用范围等因素的影响，常面临困境。少数族群语言保持包括书面语言记录和实践活动传承两个层面的含义（Thieberger 1990）。因此，海外华语研究既要加强历史文献的收集和海外华语变体的描写记录，对其进行抢救性的采集整理（郭熙，刘慧，李计伟2020），也要重视华语活态传承的研究。少数族群语言传承的关键不在“外援”而在“自救”（Fennel 1980）。除了运用法律保障少数族群使用本族语的权利之外，最重要的是要保证族群语言扎根于社区和家庭。Fishman（1991）指出，少数族群语言传承如果缺乏家庭和社区基础，即使得到传媒、政府等的支持，仍像是给有破洞的气球吹气，吹气再多气球也不完整，因为破洞并未补上。……