试论香港多语人社群的语言生活

史有为

提 要 香港语言生活中存在3个令人关注的方面：三类中文、社區词和汉字字形。（1）香港是一个由多语人组成的社群，多语码使用是香港的语言生活实态。香港中文在书面上同时存在通用中文、港式中文和粤式中文3种形态。香港多文现象由语言距离、语言态势、文字支持、管治情态、社区定位、集群效应、历史习惯、心理认可等8项因素参与形成。（2）社区词是从区域性社会或语词与社会的关系这一角度划分出来的，应从“社区专用”去认识。社区词突破了方言词与外来词的局限，又打通了社会语言学与本体语言学的界限。环视世界，在民族标准语下，每一种多方言社区都可能存在社区词。（3）香港有一些汉字繁简字形共存的试验。在繁体字的氛围下，可以期待有新的发展。香港的语言生活在其他汉语/华语社区都有类似情形，应具有普遍意义。

关键词 香港社群;多语码;语言生活;多文现象;社区词;文字试验

中图分类号 H002 文献标识码 A 文章编号 2096-1014（2021）04-0086-11

DOI 10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20210407

Abstract This article discusses three aspects of Hong Kongs language life： three forms of Chinese， community words， and Chinese character forms. First， Hong Kong is a community composed of multilingual people， and the use of multilingual codes is the reality of Hong Kongs language life. There are three forms of Hong Kong Chinese in writing： General Chinese， Hong Kong Chinese， and Cantonese Chinese. The multilingual phenomenon in Hong Kong is caused by a variety of sociopolitical factors such as language distance， language hierarchy， character availability， governance modality， community positioning， cluster effect， historical habits， and psychological recognition. Second， community words are categorized from the perspective of regional society or the relationship between words and society and should be understood from the “community-specific” perspective. Community words break through the limitations of dialect words and foreign words and the boundaries between sociolinguistics and noumental linguistics. Around the world， under the national standard language， there may be community words in every multi-dialect community. Third， Hong Kong has experimented on the coexistence of traditional and simplified Chinese characters. In the atmosphere of traditional characters， new developments can be expected in the unification of the traditional and simplified characters. The language life in Hong Kong has similar features with other Chinese-speaking communities， thus shall be accorded universal significance.

Key words Hong Kong community; multilingual code; language life; multiple written language phenomenon; community words; writing experiments

田小琳《香港语言文字面面观》（以下简称《面面观》）对香港语言生活做了集中反映和探讨。许多观点笔者都很有兴趣，也非常赞同。对于特别感兴趣的3个方面，即三类中文、社区词和汉字字形，下面想顺着书中的论述，再探讨一些相关的理论与实践问题，希望有助于深化对香港语言生活的理解。

一、多语人社群与多语码现象

香港是一个多语人的社群。所谓多语人，就是可以操多种语码[ 语码（code），社会语言学用以指称不同语言、方言或语言变体。……