施氮量和种植密度对甘肃省不同生态区大豆农艺性状及产量的影响

张彦军 王兴荣 李玥 李永生 李峰 苟作旺 张恺东 祁旭升

摘要：为了确定甘肃省沿黄灌区、河西绿洲灌区和陇东雨养农业区的大豆最佳施氮量和种植密度，选用陇中黄601、陇中黄602、陇中黄603、汾豆78等4个大豆品种，在3个不同生态区设置4个氮肥水平和4个种植密度，测量株高、有效分枝数等主要农艺性状及产量等指标。结果表明，不同施氮水平和种植密度对大豆农艺性状和产量的影响较大，随着氮肥的增加，大豆株高、有效分枝数、主茎节数、单株荚数、单株粒重、百粒重和产量呈递增的趋势，综合比较得出不同生态区大豆最佳施氮量均为N 90 kg/hm2。随着种植密度的增加，折合产量呈先升高后降低的趋势。会宁县和甘州区的最佳种植密度为16.67 万株/hm2，宁县的最佳种植密度为19.67 万株/hm2。对3个生态区的大豆产量分析表明，河西绿洲灌区的张掖市甘州区适合种植早熟品种陇中黄601，而沿黄灌区的会宁县和陇东雨养农业区的宁县适宜种植中晚熟品种陇中黄603。

关键词：大豆; 施氮量; 种植密度; 生态区;农艺性状; 产量;甘肃省

中图分类号：S565.1     文献标志码：A    文章编号：1001-1463（2021）07-0014-10

doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1463.2021.07.004

Abstract：In order to determine the suitable nitrogen application rate and planting density of soybeans in Irrigation Area along the Yellow River，Hexi Oasis Irrigation Area and Longdong Rainfed Agricultural Area in Gansu Province， four soybean cultivars were selected， four nitrogen fertilizer levels and four planting densities were set in three different ecological regions， and the plant height， effective branch number of main agronomic characteristics and plot yield were measured. The results showed that different nitrogen application levels and planting densities has greater effect on soybean agronomic characteristics and yield. Plant height， number of effective branches， number of main stem nodes， pod number per plant， yield per plant， 100-seed weight and yield was increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer. Comprehensive comparison of soyhean in different ecological areas， the suitable nitrogen application rate was 90 kg/hm2 pure nitrogen. The yield of the plot raised and then fell with the increase of planting density. The best planting density in Huining County and Ganzhou District was 166，700 plants/hm2， and the best planting density in Ning County was 196，700 plants/hm2. Through the analysis of the yield of the three ecological regions， it is shown that the early-maturing variety Longzhonghuang 601 was suitable for planting in Ganzhou District， while the mid-late-maturing variety Longzhonghuang 603 was suitable for planting in Huining County and Ning County.

Key words：Soybean;Nitrogen application;Density;Ecological areas;Agronomic characteristics;Yield;Gansu Province

大豆是世界上重要的油料作物和植物蛋白及飼料原料[1 ]，与人们生活密不可分。据国家统计局数据，2020年我国大豆产量为  1 960万t，播种面积与产量均较2019年有所增加。据海关总署统计，2020年我国累计进口大豆10 033万t，首次超过1亿t，刷新了2017年进口9 553万t记录[2 ]。可见，大豆产需缺口巨大，高度依赖进口。在耕作制度中，大豆也是种养相结合的重要倒茬作物，其根系含有的根瘤菌能固定空气中的氮素，可提高氮肥利用效率。……