不同有机物对陕南酸化土壤改良效果研究

简红忠 杨小敏 王琳 高鹏

摘    要：為探寻适宜酸性土壤的有机改良剂，设置连续两年增施生物炭肥、水稻秸秆、腐熟猪粪、商品有机肥田间定位对比试验，分析不同处理对陕南中药材种植地酸化土壤的改良效果和元胡产量经济效益。结果表明：增施生物炭肥、腐熟猪粪、商品有机肥两年后，均能显著提高土壤pH值，分别较对照增加了0.36，0.49，0.34;生物炭肥和腐熟猪粪能显著降低土壤交换性酸含量，分别较对照降低了0.22，0.26 cmol·kg-1;生物炭显著提升了土壤阳离子交换量，较对照增加了1.5 cmol·kg-1;4种有机物处理也能提升土壤交换性钙离子、土壤有机质、速效钾含量、元胡产量和经济效益。综上，生物炭肥不仅能有效改良酸化土壤，同时能显著提高元胡产量和经济效益，可在陕南中药材种植地酸化土壤改良中应用推广。

关键词：元胡;有机物;酸化土壤改良

中图分类号： S156.99          文献标识码：A          DOI 编码：10.3969/j.issn.1006-6500.2021.09.014

Study on the Improvement Effect of Different Organic Matter on Acidified Soil in Southern Shaanxi

JIAN Hongzhong1， YANG Xiaomin1， WANG Lin2， GAO Peng1

（1. Hanzhong Agricultural Technology Extension Center， Hanzhong， Shaanxi 723000， China; 2. Zhangye Academy of Forestry Sciences， Zhangye， Gansu 734000， China）

Abstract： In order to search for suitable organic amendments for acidic soil， a field comparison experiment of applying biochar fertilizer， rice straw， decomposed pig manure， and commercial organic fertilizer for two consecutive years was set up in Chinese herbal medicine planting area in southern Shaanxi， the effect of different treatments on the improvement effect of acidic soil and the economic benefit of Corydalis turtschaninovii output were analyzed. The results showed that the application of biochar fertilizer， decomposed pig manure， and commercial organic fertilizer could significantly increase the soil pH after two years， which increased by 0.36， 0.49， and 0.34 compared with the control; biochar fertilizer and decomposed pig manure could significantly reduce the soil exchangeable acid content， which decreased by 0.22 and 0.26 cmol·kg-1 compared with the control respectively; biochar fertilize could significantly increase the soil cation exchange capacity by 1.5 cmol·kg-1 compared with the control; all the four organic matter treatments could increase the soil exchangeable calcium ions， soil organic matter， quick-acting potassium content and Corydalis turtschaninovii yield. Based on the above results， biochar fertilizer could not only effectively improve the acidified soil， but also increase the output and economic benefits of Corydalis turtschaninovii， which is recommended to be applied and popularized in the acidified soil improvement in Chinese herbal medicine planting area in southern Shaanxi.

Key words： Corydalis turtschaninovii; organic matter; acidified soil improvement

土壤酸化是指土壤中的氢离子和铝离子富集，而盐基离子淋失的过程[1]，自然酸化过程一般较为缓慢，但人为因素如酸沉降和不当的农田管理措施会加快酸化过程。从20世纪80年代至今，我国农田土壤酸化问题日趋严重，土壤pH值平均下降了0.5个单位[2]。土壤酸化导致土壤重金属离子活化，对农作物根系产生毒害，影响作物生长;同时抑制了土壤中有益微生物数量，增生致病真菌，加剧土传病害的发生，目前土壤酸化已成为农业可持续发展的障碍因素之一。中药材—元胡（Corydalis turtschaninovii）是陕南城固县主要经济作物之一，种植历史已有40余年，种植面积稳定在6 000 hm2左右，占全国总面积的65%以上。……