我国农村卫生旱厕现状及发展趋势

赵文斌 李济之 王洋

摘要 随着我国改厕工程的不断进步、发展与实施以及“厕所革命”发挥的巨大成效，农村环境问题也得到了巨大改善。现阶段，各地区农村厕所的数量、类型存在明显差异，卫生厕所普及程度存在“南高北低、东高西低”的现象;虽然水厕是改厕工程的重心，但综合考虑我国各地区不同的地理位置、气候特征等因素，卫生旱厕也应该成为我国部分地区改厕的重点;传统卫生旱厕的类型主要包括打包型生态厕所和免水生物处理制肥型生态厕所，具有无需用水、应用范围广、装置简单、易于维护、原位处理、废物无害化、资源化利用等特点;随着社会发展的需求有所改变，越来越多的新型卫生旱厕被研发出来并成功应用到实际当中。

关键词 厕所革命;卫生旱厕;发展趋势

中图分类号 S 127  文献标识码 A

文章编号 0517-6611（2021）23-0209-04

doi：10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2021.23.059

Current Situation and Development Trend of Sanitary Dry Latrines in China

ZHAO Wen-bin1，2，LI Ji-zhi2，WANG Yang3

（1.College of Environment，Liaoning University，Shenyang，Liaoning 110036;2.Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Shenyang，Liaoning 110016;3.Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology，Chinese Academy of Sciences，Changchun，Jilin 130102）

Abstract With the continuous progress，development and implementation of the toilet improvement project in China and the great effect of the “toilet revolution”，rural environmental problems have also been greatly improved.At this stage，there are obvious differences in the number and types of rural toilets in various regions，there is a phenomenon of “high in the south and low in the north，high in the east and low in the west” in the popularity of sanitary toilets.Although water latrines are the focus of the toilet improvement project，however，according to the geographical location and climatic characteristics of different regions in China，sanitary dry latrines should also become the focus of toilet improvement in some areas of China.The types of traditional sanitary dry latrines mainly include packaging-type ecological toilets and water-free biological treatment fertilizers ecological toilets，which have the characteristics of no need of water，wide application range，simple device，easy maintenance，in-situ treatment，harmless waste and resource utilization，more and more new sanitary dry latrines have been developed and successfully applied in practice.

Key words Toilet revolution;Sanitary dry latrines;Development trend

基金項目 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项（A类）资助（XDA23070502）。

作者简介 赵文斌（1996—），男，黑龙江大庆人，硕士研究生，从事农业废水处理研究。

收稿日期 2021-03-08

党的十八大以来，习近平总书记在多地调研时表示，要把厕所问题作为乡村振兴战略的一项具体工作来推进，不断提高农民生活质量，解决厕所问题在新农村建设中具有标志性意义[1]。持续改善提高农村人居环境，坚持不懈推进农村“厕所革命”，是推动美丽乡村建设、助兴乡村振兴战略的必经途径，也是顺应时代发展的必然趋势[2]。

农村卫生环境改善的重点是厕所，解决厕所问题的重点是改厕，我国已经将改厕列为国民经济社会发展的重点指标[3]。……