杜世洪
提 要:“音乐习得机制”(MAD)是关于语言何以产生的大胆假说,它的提出旨在阐明人类语言源于音乐,唱为说奠定基础。MAD并非空中楼阁,它有着深远的哲学渊源。在整个西方哲学传统中,特别是在卢梭、孔狄亚克等人那里,都有过重要的论述。因此,对于MAD,我们不应简单地抛弃,而应该以哲学的应有态度来思考,以便为可能出现的关于MAD的实证研究提供必要的理论指导。
关键词:MAD; 音乐; 语言起源; 孔狄亚克; 思考
中图分类号:B089 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000-0100(2009)01-0016-6
Reflection upon the Music Acquiring Device in Relation to the Origin of Language
Du Shi-hong
(Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China)
Music acquiring device (initialized as MAD) is hypothetically claimed to be able to account for the origin of language. According to this hypothesis, humans acquisition of music is primary over the acquisition of speech. Novel as this hypothesis is, the concept of MAD could be tracked down throughout the whole tradition of western philosophy from ancient Greek philosophers to their successors in the modern time, among whom Rousseau, Condillac and others are believed to be critically influential in theories of language origin in this concern. True or not, the concept of MAD should not be discarded as a perfunctory novelty. Instead, philosophical reflections on MAD might help to bring the picture of language origin to the foreground for further study.
Key words:MAD; music; language origin; Condillac; reflection
1 引言
关于语言起源的哲学思考,法国哲学家让-雅克·卢梭(1712-1778)在《论语言的起源》中说,言语的最初发明出于心灵的激情需要而不是实际需要,“激情激发了所有的[发声]器官,使之竭尽全力修饰声音,令语音炫烂多彩;于是,诗、歌曲、说话有着同一个源头……诗、歌曲、语言不过是语言本身而已”(卢梭2003:85-86)。在卢梭看来,语言与音乐有着关联,但卢梭决不是唯一把语言和音乐联系起来的哲学家。在苏格拉底、蒙博杜、洪堡特、叔本华、维特根斯坦以及语言学家叶斯柏森等人那里,语言与音乐有着这样或那样的联系。应该说,正是受到这方面的启发,比利时人瓦尼苏特(Mario Vaneechoutte)和英国人斯戈伊思(John R. Skoyles)于1998年联合提出了一个崭新的观点:语言起源与获得依赖的是“音乐习得机制”(music acquiring device,简称MAD),而且MAD要先于乔姆斯基的“语言习得机制”(languageacquisition device,简称LAD )。
瓦尼苏特和斯戈伊思二人提出MAD时重点说明的是,人类获得语言时所需的内部基础先有MAD,然后才有LAD;只凭乔姆斯基的LAD,无法揭示语言起源及演化的本来面目(Vaneechoutte & Skoyles 1998)。