晚期胃癌的二线治疗进展

2014-03-20 22:05顾阳春马力文
癌症进展 2014年6期
关键词:紫杉单药结果显示

顾阳春 马力文

北京大学第三医院肿瘤化疗与放射病科,北京 100191

胃癌是我国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,在我国的发病率居恶性肿瘤第2位。晚期胃癌患者的中位生存期(median overall survival,mOS)多为1年左右,一线治疗的中位无进展生存期(median progression free survival,mPFS)为 5~6个月,大型Ⅲ期临床试验ToGA研究所得出的晚期胃癌患者的mOS为13.8个月,mPFS为6.7个月[1]。近年来,越来越多的研究结果支持晚期胃癌患者进行二线化疗,尤其对体力状况较好的患者,所用的化疗药物主要为伊立替康(irinotecan,IRI)、紫杉醇(paclitaxel,PTX)或多西他赛(docetaxel,DOC)[2-4]。胃癌的生物学特征和治疗耐受性在东西方人群中存在显著差异。由于亚洲人群胃食管结合部癌较少,弥漫型胃癌较多,因治疗观念的差异进行二线治疗较多,且治疗所带来的3~4度粒细胞减少和腹泻相对较少,所以亚裔患者的无进展生存期(progression free survival,PFS)和 总 生 存 时 间(overall survival,OS)比西方患者长[5]。从二线治疗起始计算的生存期较短的相关因素中,比较公认的有PS≥2、ALB<3.5 mg/ml、一线治疗至疾病进展时间(time to progression,TTP)短[6-8];还有其他因素如CRP≥1.0 mg/ml,存在骨、肝或腹膜转移,未行胃切除,无化疗间歇期短[2,6]。有研究认为在 PS≥2、ALB<3.5mg/ml、一线治疗 TTp<170天这三个因素中,胃癌患者有≥2项就不能从二线治疗中获益[7]。至于二线治疗是采用IRI还是PTX则对生存没有影响[6]。而二线化疗本身的PFS/TTP、客 观 有 效 率(objective response rate,ORR)和疾病控制率(diseasecontrol rate,DCR)与OS的相关性并不充分,不能作为观察的替代终点[9]。下文对近几年所涉及的胃癌二线治疗方案及研究进行总结,希望能为临床实践提供帮助。以下研究中的OS均为从二线治疗开始计算。

1 紫杉类药物

紫杉类药物包括PTX、DOC及白蛋白紫杉醇等。紫杉类药物在一线和二线中均可以使用。许多研究证实了晚期胃癌患者采用紫杉类药物作为二线治疗优于单纯支持治疗,能够延长生存时间。

1.1 PTX

PTX作为二线治疗药物常单独使用,其标准用药方案为(80 mg/m2,d1、d8、d15,q3w)。结果显示ORR为12.5%~17.1%,mPFS为2.5~3.6个月,mOS为6.3~9.6个月[10-11]。有研究将PTX的剂量增加至80~120 mg/m2,此研究的结果显示患者的生存时间有延长的趋势,但是PTX所致的不良反应也随之增加[11]。有研究认为,相较于PTX,白蛋白紫杉醇(260 mg/m2,d1,q3w)的使用可以起到延长患者生存时间、降低药物不良反应的作用。此研究的结果显示ORR为27.8%,DCR为59.3%,甚至有1例达到完全缓解(complete response,CR);但是PFS仅为2.9个月,OS为9.2个月,白蛋白紫杉醇就此方面与PTX相比没有显现出更多优势[12]。也有研究尝试将PTX联合其他药物(如氟尿嘧啶),结果显示mOS可达12.1个月,但该研究病例数仅为 27 例[13]。

1.2 DOC

DOC和PTX存在一定的交叉耐药。有一项小规模的回顾性研究得出结论,这两种紫杉类药物中,任何一种先失败后换用另一种仅能获得5%的ORR和17.9%的DCR[14]。有研究将DOC单药治疗(36 mg/m2,qw)用于顺铂(cisplatin,CDDP)治疗失败后的晚期胃癌,Ⅱ期研究的结果显示ORR为14.8%,mPFS为1.97个月,mOS为11.57个月;同一研究中比较了在DOC的基础上联合奥沙利铂(80 mg/m2,q2w)的治疗方案,结果显示ORR为20%,而mPFS可显著提高至4.93个月,由于mOS的干扰因素较多,未显示出其优势,mOS仅为8.13个月[15]。在一项回顾性分析中,替吉奥失败后采用DOC 联合 CDDP(DOC,60 mg/m2,d1;CDDP,60 mg/m2,d1,q3w)的治疗方案,结果显示 ORR 为21.9%,mPFS为4.0个月,mOS为7.8个月[16]。

2 伊立替康

IRI现已成为晚期胃癌二线治疗的主要药物,尤其是在紫杉类药物在晚期胃癌一线治疗中的作用得到肯定后。已有许多研究证实了胃癌采用IRI单药作为二线治疗优于单纯支持治疗,且能够延长生存时间[17-19]。使用方法有常规的双周治疗方案(150 mg/m2,q2w),也有改良后的单周治疗方案(100 mg/m2,qw),结果显示mPFS为2.6~2.9个月,mOS为8.8~10.1个月[20-22]。对于IRI和紫杉类药物作为胃癌二线治疗的优劣,多数研究认为两者不相上下[19,23-24],只有少数研究认为IRI在延长总生存时间方面较紫杉类药物略胜一筹[17,20]。

是否需要在IRI的基础上联合其他药物,以及联合何种药物,还需进一步探讨。目前,最常用的IRI联合方案是其与CDDP或者氟尿嘧啶类药物的联合。

2.1 I RI联合CDDP

一项Ⅲ期临床研究(TCOG GI-0801/BIRIP研究)采用IRI联合CDDP双周治疗方案(IRI,60 mg/m2;CDDP,30 mg/m2,q2w)。结果显示,与 IRI单药常规剂量双周治疗方案相比,IRI联合CDDP双周治疗方案能够显著延长患者的PFS(3.8个月vs 2.8个月)和改善患者的DCR(75%vs 45%),而OS无显著延长(10.7个月 vs 10.1个月),ORR略有提高(22%vs 16%)[21]。还有一些采用类似方案的Ⅱ期研究结果显示ORR为16.7%~28.6%,DCR为 55.6%~70.0%,PFS为 3.6~4.3个月,OS为7.4~9.4个月[25-27]。

2.2 I RI联合氟尿嘧啶类药物

2014年ASCO年会上报道了一项针对晚期胃癌二线治疗的随机对照的Ⅱ期研究,该研究入组的是替吉奥单药或替吉奥联合CDDP作为一线化疗进展后的胃癌患者,对IRI联合替吉奥(IRIS方案,A组)、PTX联合替吉奥(B组),IRI单药治疗(C1组)和PTX单药治疗(C2组)四组方案进行疗效的比较[28]。四组方案分别为:A组:IRI,150 mg/m2,d1,q2w;B 组:PTX,80 mg/m2,d1、d8、d15,q4w;C1组:IRI,80 mg/m2,d1、d15;S-1,80 mg/m2,d1~21,q5w;C2组:PTX,50 mg/m2,d1、d8;S-1,80 mg/m2,d1~14,q3w。四组间PFS和OS均没有显著差异(A组、B组、C1组、C2组的PFS分别为:3.0个月、4.4个月、3.8个月、3.5个月,OS分别为:11.3个月、11.3个月、14.6个月、10.5个月)。将联合用药组(C1组+C1组)和单药组(A组+B组)的数据,或者含IRI组(A组+C1组)和含PTX组(B组+C2组)的数据分别进行比较,也不存在明显差异,该结果再一次验证了IRI和PTX在胃癌二线化疗中的作用相当。除了上述研究中5周重复的IRIS方案,也有Ⅱ期研究调整为4周重复的方案(IRI,150 mg/m2,d1、d15;S-1,70 mg/m2,d1~14),结果显示缓解率(response rate,RR)为17%,PFS为6.3个月,OS为8.7个月[29]。

可以和IRI联合的还有氟尿嘧啶,即在肠癌中常用的FOLFIRI方案。相关研究多数为小规模的Ⅱ期研究,结果显示RR为9.4%~30%,PFS为2~3.8个月,OS为5.5~6.7个月[30-33]。

2.3 I RI联合其他药物

丝裂霉素用于胃癌治疗年代久远,几近被淘汰,近些年也有研究将其与IRI联合,结果显示RR为17.4%~29%,PFS为3.6~4.1个月,OS为8.6~10个月,所带来的不良反应比IRI单药治疗时的有所增加[34-36]。还有一些方案也尝试用于胃癌二线治疗,例如,卡培他滨节拍化疗,卡培他滨与丝裂霉素联合等,但生存数据均没有显著突破[37,38]。

3 靶向药物

胃癌的靶向治疗聚焦于表皮生长因子受体-2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER-2)和血管内皮生长因子及其受体(vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2,VEGF/VEGFR-2)这两条通路。其中针对HER-2通路的曲妥珠单抗已被证实用于胃癌的一线治疗可显著延长患者的生存时间[1],而针对VEGF通路的的贝伐珠单抗却没有获得预期疗效[39]。在胃癌二线治疗中,针对VEGFR-2通路的雷莫芦单抗(ramucirumab,RAM)则显著延长了生存时间[40-42]。但针对其他靶点的药物在胃癌二线治疗的临床研究均没有获得阳性结果,例如,依维莫司、舒尼替尼和MK-2206。

3.1 雷莫芦单抗

REGARD研究和RAINBOW研究均为随机对照的Ⅲ期研究,采用RAM治疗氟尿嘧啶联合铂类一线治疗进展后的晚期胃癌患者[40-42]。这两项研究所用方案均为RAM(8 mg/kg,iv,q2w)联合单周治疗的紫杉醇(80 mg/m2,d1、d8、d15,q4w),安慰剂作对照。RAINBOW研究中的研究组和对照组的PFS(4.4个月 vs 2.2个月)和OS(9.63个月 vs 7.36个月)比REGARD研究的PFS(2.1个月 vs 1.3个月)和OS(5.2个月vs 3.8个月)数据更好。导致这一现象出现的可能原因之一是亚裔患者的比例不同,RAINBOW研究中高达33.5%,而REGARD研究中仅占7%~8%。

在2014年ASCO年会的口头报告中,日本研究者还对RAINBOW研究中入组的140例日本患者与西方患者进行比较,结果显示PFS分别为5.6个月vs 4.2个月,OS分别为11.4个月vs 8.6个月,这揭示了胃癌疾病特征和治疗观念的地域差异。但是日本患者安慰剂组的PFS和OS也分别达到了2.8个月和11.5个月,可见RAM带来的PFS优势没有转化为OS的延长,可能的原因是高达75%的患者在研究结束后接受了后续治疗,从而掩盖了RAM的益处。

与RAM相关的不良反应主要与抗血管生成有关,例如,胃肠道出血(10.1%)、鼻出血(30.6%)、高血压(25.1%)、蛋白尿(16.8%),以及非常少见的胃肠穿孔(<5%)、动静脉血栓(<5%)和心力衰竭(<5%)等[41-42]。

3.2 舒尼替尼

多靶点的酪氨酸激酶受体抑制剂舒尼替尼被尝试用在多种肿瘤的多线治疗中,胃癌也不例外,但结果并不尽人意。舒尼替尼单药(50 mg/m2,qd,连服4周停药2周)作为胃癌二线治疗时,ORR仅为2.6%~3.9%,mPFS为1.28~2.3个月,mOS为5.81~6.8个月[43-44]。可见舒尼替尼单药治疗疗效微弱,但不良反应较轻,可能适用于与其他药物组成联合治疗方案。于是一项针对氟尿嘧啶和铂类药物治疗失败的晚期胃癌患者的Ⅱ期研究在二线治疗时在DOC(60 mg/m2,d1,q3w)的基础上联合舒尼替尼(37.5 mg,qd),与DOC单药治疗相比,没有延长TTP(3.9个月 vs 2.6个月,P=0.206),但显著提高了ORR(41.4%vs 14.3%,P=0.002)[45]。这可能对需要快速缓解症状的晚期胃癌患者有益。

3.3 针对PI PI33K/AKT/mTOR/mTOR通路的靶向药物

针对PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路的靶向药物也是晚期胃癌靶向治疗的热点方向之一,但尚没有获得有效的药物。mTOR抑制剂依维莫司用于晚期胃癌的研究主要涉及多线治疗后,并没有专门作为二线治疗。GRANITE-1研究是一项随机双盲安慰剂对照的Ⅲ期研究,与安慰剂组相比,治疗组未显示出生存获益:mPFS为1.4个月vs 1.7个月,mOS为5.4个月 vs 4.3个月[46]。另一项入组多线治疗后的晚期胃癌患者的Ⅰ期研究显示,卡培他滨联合依维莫司所观察到的PFS也仅为1.8个月[47]。2014年ASCO年会上报道了AKT抑制剂MK-2206用于治疗进展期胃癌患者的研究结果,ORR仅为2%,mPFS为1.8个月,mOS为5个月,而且毒性不小,有2例死亡或与药物相关,分别为心脏骤停和呼吸衰竭[48]。

4 总结

综上所述,胃癌二线治疗可以使用紫杉类药物、IRI和针对VEGFR-2的靶向药物RAM。紫杉类药物越来越多地被应用于一线治疗,而当前研究中所采用的与RAM联合的药物是PTX。IRI单药已能获得出色疗效,联合铂类或氟尿嘧啶类可能提高ORR和DCR,但是对生存期的延长作用不大。针对具体患者,是否进行二线化疗,以及采用何种方案,需要根据患者的身体状况和预后指标个体化选择。

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