门西愚园园林，南京，江苏，中国

项目设计：陈薇/东南大学建筑设计研究院

门西愚园园林，南京，江苏，中国

项目设计：陈薇/东南大学建筑设计研究院

愚园园林是有故事的园林

地点有故事：愚园所在地块在南唐以前是城外，有山有水，其所处岗地也表明周围的地形有起有伏。南唐金陵都城相对六朝南移，南城墙紧逼外秦淮河，愚园所在地块圈入城内。南唐南城门于明代重新修筑为聚宝门（今中华门），并形成南城门为起点的城市南北轴线，明代及现在一直沿用。靠近城门、轴线中华路以西地块俗称“门西”，以东为“门东”。门西加门东，是南京老城南，所存格局基本以明清存留下来为主。“门西”在明清时期是大户人家居住地，建筑以硬山为主，地形保留早期特点，有丘陵形胜。“门东”在明清时期商贾往来甚多，徽派建筑引进，有马头山墙，建筑密度较大。

园林有故事：宋朝时这里因属凤台山，园初名凤台园；明代园为中山王徐达五世孙徐傅魏国公的别业，遂易园名为魏公西园；其后徐傅少子徐天赐又将该园重新修葺分别授予他的三子和四子；愚园属三子徐继勋锦衣卫指挥使，位处门西，故又称为徐锦衣西园；后该园易主徽州商贾汪氏，又易吴氏；乾隆后园渐败落；同治十三年（1874）清苏州知府胡恩燮辞官归里，购下西园故址，光绪初年构筑愚园，又名胡家花园。辛亥革命后毁于战火。1915年胡家后裔胡光国重整家园，再次繁盛。然而1930年代初期，建筑家童寯教授步测愚园时，“叠石虽存，然久失修葺，已危不可登”。抗战期间，园再次被毁。我们接手规划时，山荒水残，仅宅部分尚存，1970年代返城搭建的棚户拥挤不堪，但为南京市文物保护单位，所在为历史风貌街区。

设计有故事：愚园设计困难重重。首先，因为建筑无存无法定位；其次，1960-1970年代挖防空洞取土填湖，山水格局改变；再次，古意向图和近代平面图与现状范围不符。因此除了大量研究外，我提出局部考古以确定水线。

之后又经过了从外部到愚园、又从愚园到街区的规划调整，从建筑到景观、又从景观到建筑的推敲调整，从历史及环境对位到延续、又从现状条件到场地的方案调整，从专业人员立意构思到具体操作、又从甲方参与共同修改完成的复杂过程。但基本上以复原愚园经典为目标：在格局上表现南京私家园林独有的高阜广水的特点；在分区上体现大、中、小层次分明和大疏大密的景区特色；在建筑风格上以门西硬山建筑为主，局部用歇山，素朴明朗；在景点上，三十六景一一再现，既有村野特色也有市井氛围，将位于城南城墙脚下的园林特色发挥尽致，这也是历史上环境变化与文化积淀的必然反映。

愚园故事尚待充盈。目前园林没有开放，建筑功能也未具体确定，所以没有常规的完整图纸，或者说没有和实景完全符合的图纸（建筑定位图是考古后的修改图，相对原规划图已调整）。可以想见，古代园林的修建大抵如此，一边规划设计，一边修改调整，可能最后请诸如文徵明的名人作图传世；如果是买来的园林，则继续原来的格局的喜欢，加减主人的好恶，还是参照先前的图样。愚园园林设计便经过如此过程。我们开展规划设计时，属于后者情形，主要参照历史上留存下来的图和照片，但也应需求和现状进行有考古、设计诸多发挥和创新；目前的阶段则属于前者，基本完成，但总图既不是最初的，也不是最后的，只是过程中的，更没有像样的整合各工种完成的漂亮图景，这是将来要自己完成而不能指望效果图公司的事情了。

Stories about Yuyuan Garden

Story about location: The block where Yuyuan Garden surrounding with hills and water was located outside the city until the Southern Tang Dynasty. The low land where it lay indicated the terrain changes. The capital city of Nanjing in Southern Tang Dynasty was moved southward as opposed to that in the Six Dynasties Period, with its southern city wall approaching the external reach of Qinhuai River. The area where Yuyuan Garden stood was planned inside the city. The southern city wall that was originally built in Southern Tang Dynasty was rebuilt into Jubaomen Gate, which is now called Zhonghuamen Gate. The north-south city axis, starting from the southern city gate, was then formed since the Ming Dynasty. The area to the west of Zhonghua Road, where the city gate and axis are situated, is called Menxi; that to the east, Mendong. Menxi and Mendong are at the south of the old Nanjing city. Its existing pattern is basically in the style of Ming and Qing Dynasties. Menxi was the dwelling place of rich and influential families in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Its architecture was characterized as flush-gabled-roof, with its terrain pattern remaining earlier style of upland. Mendong was often crowded with merchants at that time. Its architecture was of Huizhou style, with crow gable and high building density.

Story about the garden: In Song Dynasty when the garden was firstly constructed, it was named as Fengtai Garden because the location was belong to Fengtai Mountain area. In Ming Dynasty, the garden was used as a villa of XU Bo, the Duke of Wei Kingdom, who was the fifth generation of XU Da, the Prince of Zhongshan, so its name was changed to West Garden of Duke Wei. Then the son of XU Bo, XU Tianci, redecorated the garden and gave it to histhird and fourth son. When it was belong to the third son, XU Jixun, who was a commander of the imperial guards, the name was changed to Western Garden of Imperial Guard XU because the garden was located on the west of the gate. Later, the garden was transferred to a merchant surnamed WANG from Huizhou, and then to another merchant surnamed WU. It gradually declined since Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. In 1874, HU Encan, who was a magistrate of Suzhou in Qing Dynasty, retired and came back hometown. He bought the garden and reconstructed the garden during early Guangxu period, and named it Yuyuan Garden, which was also called HU’s Garden. The garden was destroyed in war during the Revolution of 1911. In 1915, HU Guangguo, who was a descendent of HU’s family, renovated the garden and made it thriving again. But in the early 1930s when Prof. TONG Jun, the famous Chinese architect, inspected the garden in the field, he made the remark that, "though there are stones laying in the garden, they are too dilapidated to be climbed upon." The garden was again turned down during China’s anti-Japanese war. When we started the planning project, the garden was deserted largely, with only the housing part reserved, where crowed shacks were constructed for people returned from countryside due to the Cultural Revolution. It was ranked as one of the cultural relics protection units of Nanjing and the street where the garden is located at was a classified historic street.

Story about design: We encountered many difficulties during the design of Yuyuan Garden. First of all, it was hard to establish the basic style due to the destruction of original architecture; secondly, the landscape pattern was altered by the activity of earth excavation for air-raid shelter construction during the 1060s - 1070s; thirdly, there were distinct disparities between the ancient conceptual graph, the plan atmodern times, and the existing scope. Considering all these factors, I suggested conducting partial archaeological study to determine the waterline, besides a great amount of related researches.

Then having gone through the planning of external part, Yuyuan Garden and blocks, the balancing of architecture, scenery and building, the alignment and extension of history and environment, the adjustment of status quo and sites, as well as the complicated process of conception, operation and joint modification with the client and completion. All the designs aim at recovering the classical Yuyuan Garden in the following aspects: to manifest the unique pattern with high mound and broad water of Nanjing private gardens; to display the distinct leveling and distribution of the scenic spots; to show the structural style, mainly of flush gabled roof but also of gable and hip roof which is simple and bright; to represent the 36 buildings both with countryside views and marketplace atmosphere and give full play to the garden features at the foot of the city wall of the south of the city, which clearly reflect the environmental change and cultural prosperity through history.

Yuyuan's Story to be replenished: Now the garden has not been opened and the architectural functions not been confirmed. Therefore, there is no complete blueprint or drawing that fully accords with the real scene. The sketch map and the general plot plan of the 36 buildings are different. We can imagine that the construction of the ancient gardens is probably like this: planning, designing, modifying, adjusting and displaying drawings by WEN Zhengming and other famous literati artists. On the other hand, if the garden is bought, the previous plan will be referred to continue or modify the primary pattern according to the preference of the owner. The Yuyuan Garder design goes through such process. We will adopt the latter way in planning development on the basis of the present requirements by reference to the preserved drafts and pictures in history, and meanwhile, dig into archaeology and creative design. Now we have largely entered the former phase, with the in-progress construction location map as the general plot plan. There is no decent view for the completion of all types of work. It will be done by us instead of by the company for design sketch.

项目信息/Credits and Data

委托方/Client：南京秦淮风光有限公司/Nanjing Qinhuai Scenery Co., Ltd.

工程负责人/Project Director：陈薇/CHEN Wei

规划设计/Planning：陈薇，王建国，是霏，杨俊/CHEN Wei, WANG Jianguo, SHI Fei, YANG Jun

建筑设计/Architectural Design：陈薇，高琛，顾效，胡石，都荧，戴薇薇，冯耀祖/CHEN Wei, GAO Chen, GU Xiao, HU Shi, DU Ying, DAI Weiwei, FENG Yaozu

景观设计/Landscape Design：陈薇，杨舜，陶敏，杨冬辉，伍清辉，许杨/CHEN Wei, YANG Shun, TAO Min, YANG Donghui, WU Qinghui, XU Yang

建筑结构/Structural Design：梁沙河，孙逊/LIANG Shahe, SUN Xun

水电设备/Hydroelectric Facility：赵元，罗振宁/ZHAO Yuan, LUO Zhenning

用地面积/Site Area：3.45hm2

建筑面积/Floor Area：3618m2

评论

朱光亚：园林遗产的保护和修缮不同于普通的建筑遗产，这不仅是世界遗产保护运动中共性的问题，尤其是重视意境观念的中国文化背景下的必然性的问题，这种必然性激发了园林遗产的复建和勃勃生机的可能性，愚园即为最新且典型的案例，若干遗存、童寯教授的测绘图、新主人的愿望、城市已经变化的现代环境，这些无一不影响着愚园复建蓝图的艰难绘制。原状的研究是整个复建的基础，但似也不必过于计较已被破坏了的遗存中的谜团，重要的是那个有着那么多期待的再现的意境被认可了，愚园的真实性、完整性和延续性以一种新的形式解读出来了。

王昀：将仅存“一鳞一爪”的园林旧迹，唤发出“真龙宛在”的新貌，不仅需要兼具“造园”和“修缮”两者的用心，更需有考古的严谨及复原的洞察力和想象力。陈薇教授及其团队依仅存的园林旧照，采用问访及对旧迹遗址进行挖掘考证的方法，结合尚存文人画作与墨客描述，将愚园呈现，为吾等曾心向往之者补全了梦中期待。

Comments

ZHU Guangya: Different from the ordinary architectural heritage, landscape architecture heritage protection and renovation is a common issue in the process of world heritage conservation movement, a necessity in the Chinese cultural background which puts particularly stress on artistic conception. Therefore, in China, it is more likely to both renovate the landscape architecture heritage and activate its vitality. Yuyuan Garden is a latest and typical case whose blueprint for renovation is difficult to draw under the influence of such factors as the relics, Prof. TONG Jun's survey drawings, the new owner's wishes, and modern urban environment. Although the research on the original condition of the Garden is the basis of the renovation, it is not necessary to pay too much attention to the destroyed remains. What is the most important is to meet all the expectations and to interpret its authenticity, integrity, and continuity in a new form.

WANG Yun: Based on the few remains in the garden in the past, this design creates a new look which is very similar to the ancient garden. It requires the designer to have not only the commitment of "rebuilding" and "repairing" the garden, but also the strictness in archaeological exploration and the insight and imagination in restoration. According to the only old photos of the garden, and in combination with the remaining paintings and descriptions of the literati, Prof. CHEN Wei and her team conduct surveys and explorations about the site to find useful clues and finally reproduce the Yuyuan Garden, which fulfills the dream of those who have yearned for a visit there.

Yuyuan Garden at Menxi, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, 2012

Project Design: CHEN Wei/Architects & Engineers Co. Ltd. of Southeast University