书面表达 八招制胜

2017-02-16 03:13山东李秀萍
教学考试(高考英语) 2017年4期
关键词:连接词长句书面

山东 李秀萍

书面表达 八招制胜

山东 李秀萍

书面表达在全国卷中占25分的分值,是一种考查学生英语输出能力的题型,综合性强,高考得分差距很大。因而,提高学生的书面表达能力,有利于在高考中占领有利地位,对于全面提高英语语言素质也意义重大。下面,笔者就介绍一下多年在书面表达备考中积累的行之有效的“八招”。

第一招:开门见山,点明主题

在文章的开头即使用一个主题句开门见山,点名主题,也就有了中心,然后围绕主题展开相关的内容,这样的文章思路清晰,一目了然。千万不要按照我们中国人的思维先“问候”或“寒暄”三两句,再切入正题,浪费文字,因为按要求整篇文章100词左右,也就是六至八句;也不能把主题隐藏在段落里,使阅卷者感到云山雾罩。比如写一封道歉信,以下开头就很繁琐:How is everything going on with you? We haven’t seen each other for a long time and I miss you very much. I’m writing to apologize to you for not keeping my promise. 只保留第三句即可,开门见山,直接点题。

第二招:合理分段,层次分明

高考作文很忌讳一段到底,可按内容分为二至三段;不同层次之间合理使用分层关联语,会让人感觉层次分明、有条理又有逻辑。以下为常用分层关联语:

1. on the one hand,on the other hand(表对比的两方面)

2. for one thing,for another thing(表并列或顺承的两方面)

3. firstly,secondly,thirdly...

4. to begin with,then,furthermore,finally

5. besides,furthermore,last but not least

注意:忌用阿拉伯数字1、2、3,以防给阅卷者记“流水账”的感觉。

第三招:长短句结合,合理换气

有的学生为了追求长句的气势、展示写作技巧,一味地追求长句,有的甚至一个句子里使用两三个从句,使阅卷者一口气读下来感觉很憋气,殊不知一个短小精悍的句子可以起到画龙点睛的作用。当我们把短句放在段首或者段末时,它不仅可以承上启下,还可以提示主题,如:My suggestions are as follows./Cheer up. Tomorrow is another day.长短句结合,读起来有抑扬顿挫之感,符合表达的规律。

第四招:多用具体的高级词汇,少用“空洞”的低级词汇

有的学生虽然已是高中生了,但书面表达中仍然使用初中的那一套写作词汇,显得很“low”,有些词指代也不具体,以下是可使用的高级词汇。

1.形容词和副词

可使句首多样化的形容词和副词:

excited and delighted,exhausted and hungry,disappointed,generally speaking,additionally,immediately,surprisingly,recently,nowadays

用具体的高级实词代替“空洞”的形容词或副词:

kind:generous,gentle,warm-hearted,hospitable,enthusiastic

hardworking:diligent,struggling,industrious

happy:delighted,cheerful,merry,joyous

very:vitally,essentially,extremely,surprisingly

2.名词

idea:opinion,outlook,perspective,view

use:function,role,impact,effect,influence

kind:variety,diversity

3.动词

hope:desire,long for,be eager/thirsty/desperate to,expect

finish:achieve,accomplish,fulfill,perform

find:discover,spot

4.连接词

as soon as:the instant/minute/moment,immediately/instantly/directly,Hardly had sb. done...when...,No sooner had sb. done...than...

5.介词短语

because of:owing to,due to,on account of,as a result/consequence of

这样的词具体生动而又准确,用上这些形象的词语一定会起到妙笔生辉、令人耳目一新的作用,使文章大放异彩。

第五招:灵活使用连接词语,文章整齐紧凑

恰当地使用连接词会使书面表达整体性强,上下文连贯、显得很紧凑。

1.并列关系

我们有时希望自己像个native speaker一样能写很长的句子,但又怕写错。要解决这一问题,最保险的写长句的方法是:在句子之间加and,or,but,so等表并列连词。如:

I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar.

We appointed the time at seven o’clock but Tom still didn’t turn up.

常用的并列连词还有:not only...but also...,neither...nor...,not...but...等。如:

Not only does he do well in chemistry,but also he does well in English.

其他的连接词可以用:besides,furthermore,likewise,moreover,what’s more,in addition,additionally,worse still等。

2.转折关系

表示转折的关联词的使用可以使文章要点明确,重点突出,跌宕起伏。如:

The car was quite old,yet it was in excellent condition.

表转折关系的关联词有:however,nevertheless,while,as,in spite of,despite,in fact,though,although,instead ,after all,yet,otherwise,even though。

3.因果关系

文章中使用表示因果关系的连接词后,句式会变得丰富多彩、语言会富于变化,更具说服力。如:Now that everyone is here,let’s begin our conference.

表示因果关系的词语有:because,therefore,hence,since,for,so...that,such...that,now that,because of,thanks to,due to,on account of,consequently,accordingly,as a result/consequence,for this reason等。

4.概括归纳关系

针对上文所述,适当进行概括归纳,使文章收尾干净利索,要点更加突出。如:

All in all,it’s beneficial to us students to take part in some suitable social activities.

表示概括归纳的词语有:to sum up,in a word,in short,in brief,in general,in all,all in all,in summary,generally speaking,on the whole,as is stated above。

5.条件关系

在表达时,常会用条件句表示逻辑关系,使文章结构严谨,表达更有条理。如:

I will tell you the truth on condition that you keep it a secret.

表示条件关系的词语有:as/so long as ,on condition that,if,unless,except that,provided/providing that,assuming that,on assumption that,suppose/supposing that。

第六招:运用三大从句,使表达高档耐读

正确巧妙地使用名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)、定语从句和状语从句必然会使句式复杂,吸引眼球,显得学生语言驾驭能力高,有技巧。如:

Whether he can go with us or not hasnt’ been decided up to now.

Could I speak to whoever is in charge of the International Sales,please?

The ceremony began the instant the president arrived.

考生可专门进行运用从句的练习,如定语从句:

第一步:合句 (可利用猜谜)

1. It’s a beautiful city. We held the 2008 Olympic Games there. What city is it? Beijing

Beijing is a beautiful city where we held the 2008 Olympic Games.

2. It’s something important to us. We can not see it or touch it. But it really exists. What is it? Air

Air is something important to us that/which cant’ be seen or touched but really exists.

第二步:实战演练

使用3至4句话描述自己的学校,运用定语从句。若学生英语水平不高可给出汉语提示。

In the south of our city lies our school which is wellknown for its excellent teachers and modern equipment. The building where we do experiments is the most magnificent of all. Every month many teachers from other schools come to visit and learn from our school who think highly of our teaching methods.

第七招:特殊句式挑战极限,经典句型回味悠长

写作时巧用倒装、强调、省略、祈使句或感叹句、独立主格结构等特殊句式,会使文章错落有致,起伏跌宕,令人回味。学生在写作时,要么不会用,要么不敢用,往往缺少好句式及句型。如:

Only when he told me did I know the truth. (倒装句式)

It’s not what you say but what you do that is of importance.(强调句式)

Weather permitting,the speech contest will be held as planned.(独立主格结构)

这种句子出现在文章中一定会令人刮目相看,很自然地成了一个采分点。

常用经典句型如下:

1. As far as...is/are concerned,

2. As is often the case,...

3. It goes without saying that...

4. It can be said with certainty that...

5. It’s widely acknowledged that...

6. It’s no use doing...

7. As the proverb goes...

8. It’s likely that...

9. I’m writing to...

10. My suggestions are as follows.

11. It is a pity that...

12. However,I have to say that...

13. As has been mentioned above,...

14. We can safely draw the conclusion that...

15. A number of factors account for the phenomenon reflected in the material.

第八招:进行写作微型训练,克服学生恐惧心理

有些学生对于书面表达心存恐惧,无处下手,搜肠刮肚地按照汉式思维编了些“汉式英语”。针对这一点,可进行作文微型化训练。每次训练前,可先引导学生一起赏析一篇优秀范文,在欣赏过程中可逐点渗透优秀作文的评选标准,启发学生找出范文的亮点,使学生心中对好作文有一个大体认识。每周可进行二到三次微型写作训练,每次十分钟,写四到五句,每句具体要求可参考以下几点:

1.开头使用恰当的连接词语;

2.至少有一个从句或其他固定句型;

3.至少有两个高级词汇/词语。

写完后,让学生自己先划出连接词、句型或高级词汇,再选出优秀习作展示,使学生既认识到自己的进步,又“见贤思齐”。只要按以上方法坚持训练两周,学生的书面表达水平一定会大幅度提高。

山东省潍坊地区高密市第三中学)

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