潘怡君
摘 要 清代越南燕行使者吴时任在其如清时所著的《皇华图谱》中,认为当时的广西少数民族居民是丑陋粗鄙的“蛮夷”,广西是“猺獞”聚集之地,表现出对广西少数民族居高临下的文化优越感。其主要原因是清代越南社会精英对中华文化的深刻认同,以及将“中国”的观念据为己有之后对“中华”观念的套用,反映出其“华夏优,蛮夷劣”的思维定势与深刻的等级观念,是越南社会对清代广西的集体想象和“华夷观”在越南外交使节思想上的投射。
关键词 越南使臣 广西少数民族形象 文化认同 思维定式 集体想象物
中图分类号:K249 文献标识码:A DOI:10.16400/j.cnki.kjdkz.2017.03.068
The Images and Causes of the Guangxi Ethnic Minorities in the
Eyes of the Vietnamese Envoys in Qing Dynasty
——To Wu Shiren's " Huang Hua Atlas " as the center
Pan Yijun
(School of History and Culture, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081)
Abstract The Vietnamese Envoy Wu Shi Ren thinks that Guangxi ethnic minorities are ugly rough "barbarians", Guangxi is a "Yao Zhuang" gathering place in his " Huang Hua Atlas " which finished in the journey of Qing Dynasty. Performancing the condescending cultural superiority to Guangxi ethnic minorities. The main reason is that the Qing Dynasty Vietnamese social elite agree Chinese culture deeply, and use the concept of "China" after that. Reflecting the mindset of "China is better than the barbarians " and a profound concept of hierarchy. It is also the collective imagination of Guangxi in the Qing Dynasty in Vietnamese society and the reflect of "Hua Yi" concept in the diplomatic envoy of Vietnam.
Keywords Vietnam envoys; image of Guangxi Minority Nationalities; cultural identity; mindset; collective imagination
近年來,“从周边看中国”这一研究视角越来越受到学者们的关注。这种以他国描述中国的文献史料为依据,借用“他山之石”来观摩和审视中国的“外视法”,能够有效弥补以往中国历史研究中,单以本国史料为依据所产生的种种局限。越南作为中国周边的重要国家,其使臣入华所作诗文同样为学术界所重视,成为研究越南人的中国认知的重要依据。目前国内学者对越南燕行文献的具体研究,主要集中在对使者燕行路线的考察,对使者在华的文化交流的研究和对中越宗藩关系的探讨上,更多的则是越南燕行使者对途经地区的自然、人文景观的记叙与歌咏。国外也有不少学者从中越朝贡制度及“华夷”观等角度出发,对越南燕行文献进行研究。但总的说来,目前学术界对越南燕行文献的使用和研究还比较薄弱,通过越南使臣眼中的异域形象来了解其中国认知的研究比较缺乏,对越南使臣眼中的广西少数民族形象的研究解读更是罕见。……