论我国运动员职业发展权利的劳动法保护

张恩利

摘 要：我国形成了以《劳动法》和其他法律为主体，行政法规、部门规章、地方性法规和地方政府规章、司法解释和国际公约等为辅助的运动员职业发展权利劳动法律体系。我国体育行业内建立了运动员文化教育、劳动待遇、社会保险、退役安置、就业培训、自由流动、工会维权、集体协商、劳动救济等运动员职业发展权利保障的管理规范。我国运动员职业发展权利劳动法保护面临着运动员保障专项立法不足、运动员劳动立法层级较低、运动员保障地方立法缺位、行业内集体协商制度缺失、运动员劳动救济渠道不畅、运动员工会维权立法缺位等问题和不足。其原因在于立法者对于运动员职业发展权利保障立法认识不足，管理者对于运动员职业发展权利保障工作重视不足，运动员对于职业发展权利保障的法律维权意识不足，雇佣者对于运动员职业发展权利保障持消极态度，并据此提出我国运动员职业发展权利保障的发展路径。

关键词：运动员；职业发展权利；劳动法；行业管理规范

中图分类号：G80-051 文献标识码：A文章编号：1006-2076（2018）01-0015-05

Abstract：China has formed athlete career development rights protection system， which takes Labor Law and other related laws as the main body and rules and regulations of governmental departments and provinces and local decrees， judicial interpretation and international conventions as supporting. Within sport industry， there are various regulations to guarantee the athlete career development， including athlete school education， labor benefit， social insurance， retirement settlement， employment training， free movement， trade union rights， collective bargaining and labor relief. Nevertheless， there are still some problems， such as shortage of special legislation on athletes security， athlete labor legislation level being low， absence of local legislation for athlete safeguard， loss of collective bargaining system， athlete work relief channel impeded， vacancy of legislation for athlete trade union right protection. The reasons lie in that lawmakers do not sufficiently understand athlete career development rights legislation， managers not give due attention， athletes have not much right-protection awareness， employers hold negative attitude for athlete career development rights. In view of the above， suggestions are put forward for the protection of athlete career development rights in China.

Key words： athlete； career development right； labor law； industry administration rules

2005年，國际奥委会（IOC）正式启动了运动员职业发展计划（ACP），旨在支持运动员成功处理训练、比赛以及日常生活中所面临的各种挑战与机会。该计划重点关注“教育、生活技能和就业”三大领域，目前已经帮助27个国家和地区的6 800名运动员从中受益。2011年，我国开始与国际奥委会运动员职业发展计划（IOC ACP）展开合作，首次设立关注退役运动员职业发展问题的专项体育公益基金——冠军基金。……