刘森林

关键词:明代;江南;工匠;差异;考辨
摘 要:文章从明代江南工匠的服务对象、内容、知识等视角和层面,就性质界别、专长类别、层次能级等三向维度,对包括偏向传统意蕴阐发的技道型或聚焦技术变革的创新型特质在内的种种异和同,予以检视和辨析。认为霑溉历史文化、审美经验和智力支持的传统器物设计主体,约略为自循环的闭合系统;知识体系、思维路径和探求事物本质的偏差,是机械技术类滞后的渊薮。
中图分类号:F129文献标志码:A文章编号:1001-2435(2020)02-0090-08
On the Thinking,Skills and Differences of Jiangnan Craftsmen in the Ming Dynasty
LIU Sen-lin(Shanghai Academy of Fine Arts,Shanghai University,Shanghai 200444,China)
Key words:Ming dynasty;Jiangnan;craftsmen;differentiation;analysis
Abstract:From the perspectives and levels of service objects,contents,levels,ranks and knowledge of the Jiangnan craftsmen in the Ming dynasty,the article demonstrates,inspects and differentiates the differences and similarities among the three dimensions of nature,specialty and level,including the technical characteristics that are inclined to the interpretation of traditional meaning or the innovative characteristics that focus on technological change and breakthrough,so as to believe that the design and production of traditional objects are based on historical culture,aesthetic experience and intellectual support. The backwardness of mechanical technology products is related to the lack of knowledge system,thinking path and the characteristics of exploring the deep joint caused by things.
一、问题由来和提出
相对士夫治生、中西科技和人文交流等热点,有关江南工匠在明中叶后治艺的讨论和成就评骛较为匮乏,陈诗启借助《洪武实录》《成化实录》《明会典》《古今图书集成·考工典》《元典章》等政典档案,结合《漕船志》和地方志,从制度、组织、类别、形式、待遇等层面对官手工业工匠进行了系统梳理和分析,成为研究明代早中期暨政策鼎革前工匠的奠基之作。1程章灿聚焦历代刻石工匠,对包括明章氏在内的石工镌技、鬻艺和雇主交游进行了细致地研究,堪称专门领域的力作。2余同元选取明代迄20世纪20年代近600余年长时段,对工匠及其转型进行了全面逡巡和分析,宏大体例也限定了以明清为组合的联缀性观照;其论述之系统,迄今无二。3上述论著对本文颇有启发。与之观察角度略有不同的是,本文定焦政策改革后的工匠世相,如成化二十一年(1485)“以银代役”和嘉靖八年(1529)“以银代赈”改革实施后鬻技者生态有否变化;技道类话语权重有否迁移或偏差;不同类型工匠懸殊比同知识运用的关联性;机械类产品鲜少创新的内外部内素等。……