不同覆膜穴播种植方式对谷子和糜子生长发育及水分利用率的影响

周花　戴丽君　李永平　梁金霞　马亚平

摘要：在宁南干旱区采用田区定位试验方法，研究了不同覆膜穴播模式谷子和糜子生长期主要农艺性状、耗水特征与产量的关系。结果表明，覆膜穴播谷子产量为5 751.0～6 453.0 kg/hm2，增产效果依次为渗水微膜、普通微膜、垄上覆膜+沟内穴播、降解微膜，较不覆膜穴播增产48.4%～66.5%，水分利用效率（WUE）为17.40～19.95 kg/（mm·hm2），较不覆膜穴播提高58.9%～82.2%。覆膜穴播糜子产量为4 525.5～5 040.0 kg/hm2，较不覆膜穴播增产53.9～71.3%;水分利用效率（WUE）為14.25～16.95 kg/（mm·hm2），较不覆膜穴播提高31.9～56.9%。在干旱半干旱区干旱胁迫环境下，渗水微膜穴播、垄上覆膜+沟内穴播是实现谷子和糜子种植的最佳方式。

关键词：谷子;糜子;覆膜穴播;干旱胁迫;产量水平;水分利用效率

中图分类号：S515; S516    文献标志码：A    文章编号：1001-1463（2021）04-0029-08

doi：10.3969/j.issn.1001-1463.2021.04.009

Effects of Different Mulching Hole-planting Methods on Growing Development and Water Use Efficiency of Foxtail Millet and

Panicum miliaceum L.

ZHOU Hua 1， DAI Lijun 1， LI Yongping 2， LIANG Jinxia 1， MA Yaping 3

（1. Pengyang Science and Technology Bureau， Pengyang Ningxia 756500， China; 2. Guyuan Branch of Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences， Guyuan Ningxia 756000， China; 3. Soil and Water Conservation Station， Pengyang County Water Bureau， Pengyang Ningxia 756500， China）

Abstract：The relationship between main agronomic characters， water consumption characteristics and yield of foxtail millet and Panicum miliaceum L. under different film mulching and hill-seeding modes was studied by field location experiment in the Arid areas of Southern Ningxia. The results showed that the effect of increasing yield was in the order of water-permeable plastic-film mulch，traditional plastic-film mulch， mulching of ridge with plastic film + hole-planting in furrow and degradable plastic-film mulch， the grain yield of foxtail millet of mulching hole-planting was 5 751.0 ～ 6 453.0 kg/hm2， which was 48.4%～66.5% higher than that of no covered hole-planting （CK）， and the water use efficiency （WUE） was 17.40～19.95 kg/ （mm·hm2）， which was 58.9%～ 82.2% higher than that of hill-planting without film mulching. The yield of Panicum miliaceum L. was 4 525.5～5 040.0 kg/hm2， which was 53.9%～71.3% higher than that of no covered hole-planting， water use efficiency （WUE） was 14.25～16.95 kg/（mm·hm2）， which was 31.9%～56.9% higher than that no covered hole-planting. Under drought stress in arid and semi-arid region， the best planting method of high yield and high efficiency was to adopt permeable micro-film hill-planting and ridge with plastic film + hole-planting in furrow.

Key words：Foxtail millet;Panicum miliaceum L;Mulching hole-planting;Drought stress;Yield level; Water use efficiency

谷子和糜子属我国北方地区传统的抗旱耐瘠薄杂粮作物 [1 - 2 ]，随着杂粮特色产业发展对市场需求的拉动，种植面积呈扩增趋势。据统计，我国谷子种植面积由2003年的72.1万hm2增加到2018年的86.1万hm2，总产量由177.6万t增加为254.8万t，单产由2 464.8 kg/hm2增长到3 009.3 kg/hm2。谷子和糜子每年种植面积占秋粮种植面积的1%左右[3 ]。宁夏南部山区8县（区）种植面积2.5万hm2左右，占当地各类杂粮作物种植面积的10%左右。

在灌浆成熟阶段，渗水地膜覆盖灌浆期提前结束5 d左右[19 ]，产量构成因素中的单穗重及单穗粒重是产量差异的直接原因[20 ]。谷子和糜子采用渗水微膜穴播后单穗重和单穗粒重显著高于对照，这和赵禹凯等[1 ]和朱元刚等[21 ]的研究基本一致。垄沟集雨种植方式能够改善降水的空间分配，增强种植区水分的供应能力，具有显著的保水蓄墒效果，从而提高作物的水肥利用效率[22 ]。……