美国、日本农业风险管理体系建设经验及其对我国的启示

许标文 齐心

摘 要：【目的/意义】面对农业巨灾风险趋于加剧、农业常规风险日益凸显、非常规风险不断涌现，农业风险环境更加复杂的现实情况，深入研究农业风险管理政策，为建立有效的农业风险管理体系提出具有参考性的建议。【方法/过程】基于美国、日本农业风险管理政策经验，在分析我国农业风险管理实践基础上探讨其存在的问题。【结果/结论】我国农业风险管理在管理体系、补贴机制、法律法规方面存在不足，应通过加强顶层设计、优化补贴体系及完善法律法规等措施加快农业风险管理体系建设。

关键词：农业风险管理;农业保险;政策工具;美国;日本

中图分类号：F840.66;F32文献标志码：A文章编号：1637-5617（2021）01-0079-05

Experiences on Construction of Agricultural Risk Management System In America and Japan and Its Enlightenment to China

XU Biao-wen1， QI Xin2

（1. Institute of Agricultural Economics and Scientific Information， Fujian Academy of Agricultural

Sciences， Fuzhou， Fujian 350003， China; 2. College of Economics， Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University， Fuzhou， Fujian 350002， China）

Abstract：  【Objective/Meaning】In the face of the aggravation of agricultural catastrophe risk， the increasing prominence of agricultural conventional risk， the continuous emergence of unconventional risk， and the more complex environment of agricultural risk， the policies of agricultural risk management were studied in depth in this paper， and some referential suggestions were put forward for establishing an effective management system of agricultural risk. 【Methods/Procedures】Based on the experience of agricultural risk management policies in America， Japan， the existing problems of agricultural risk management in China were discussed based on the analysis of the practice of agricultural risk management.【Results/Conclusions】There were some deficiencies in the management system， subsidy mechanism， laws and regulations of the agricultural risk management in China. Therefore， the measures should be taken to accelerate the construction of agricultural risk management system， such as strengthening the top-level design， optimizing the subsidy system and improving the laws and regulations， etc.

Key words： agricultural risk management; agricultural insurance; policy tool; America; Japan

農业风险管理是事关“三农”事业全局的一件大事，是保障农民收入稳定增长的需要，尤其在保证国家粮食安全方面，强化农业风险管理是推进农业现代化绕不开的重大时代课题。风险管理起源于20世纪50年代的美国，经济合作与发展组织（OECD）认为风险管理的对象、工具、政策和主体之间存在相互影响与制约，并成为政策部门关注的重要内容。一般地，农业风险是指在农业生产过程中对农户收入带来损失的不确定性。OECD将农业风险主要划分为一般性风险、巨灾风险、市场管理型风险，并选择不同的政策工具来化解风险。具体来说，农户通常会采取农作物品种选择、多元化经营、农业保险信贷等政策工具，政府主要采用改进相关技术、建设大型设施、储备金制度、税收补贴等政策工具。……