关于敦煌莫高窟西夏前期洞窟的讨论

内容摘要：西夏时期的敦煌石窟研究，是近年敦煌学研究的热点之一。敦煌西夏时期洞窟的分期，虽几经修订，仍是学者们争议较大的热点问题。关于敦煌西夏前期的莫高窟，争论的焦点主要集中在绿壁画和回鹘窟的时代归属以及莫高窟西夏前期标准窟的确定。本文在对洞窟进行实地调查的基础上，结合传世史料与前辈研究成果，对莫高窟与西夏前期营建有关的洞窟进行全面梳理，再次对其中所涉及的断代问题进行讨论。最终认定，绿壁画洞窟主要属于北宋曹氏归义军后期和沙州回鹘时期的重修，沙州回鹘洞窟基本上可视作北宋曹氏营建的余绪，西夏前期实际上在莫高窟只进行了极少的补修重绘，以莫高窟第340窟、第395窟和第206窟为代表。

关键词：西夏前期;敦煌石窟;分期断代

中图分类号：K879.21  文献标识码：A  文章编号：1000-4106（2021）06-0001-18

A Study on the Early Western Xia Caves at

the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes

—Western Xia Cave Archaeology and Art Research（V）

ZHAO Xiaoxing

（Dunhuang Textual Research Institute， Dunhuang Academy， Lanzhou， Gansu 730030）

Abstract：One of the recent research focuses in the field of Dunhuang Studies has been the Dunhuang caves of the Western Xia period. The historical dates of these caves have been revised several times and remain a contested issue of great controversy among scholars. The focus of the dispute lies in the controversial dating of the “green wall paintings” and “Uighur caves，” as well as confirmation of what a standard early Western Xia cave is like. By combining field investigation of the caves in the Mogao Grottoes with historical documents and previous research results， this paper comprehensively summarizes what is known about the Mogao caves purported to be from the Western Xia period and revisits the historical dates of these caves. From this analysis， it can be concluded that the caves with “green wall paintings” were mainly renovated in the late Gui-yi-jun regime period during the Northern Song dynasty and in the period ruled by the Shazhou Uighur people （which can actually be regarded as an extension of the former era）. In the early Western Xia， only a few caves—represented by caves 340， 359 and 206 at the Mogao Grottoes—were repainted or renovated.

Keywords：early Western Xia; Dunhuang caves; historical dating

（Translated by WANG Pingxian）

敦煌西夏時期洞窟分期的问题一直以来都存有争议，张世奇、沙武田《敦煌西夏石窟研究综述》在“洞窟分期研究”部分对研究现状有详细的梳理[1]。西夏占领敦煌时期（1036—1226）以西夏仁宗即位前后（1139）为界大致可分为前期和后期，而前期由于还有沙州回鹘政权的问题，所以历史本身就存有疑案。而关于西夏前期莫高窟的争议，主要集中在“绿壁画”洞窟的归属、“回鹘窟”的前后时间以及由此引发的西夏前期在莫高窟到底留下哪些遗迹的讨论上。在此，笔者不揣冒昧，对上述三个问题一一进行梳理。

一 绿壁画的归属

绿壁画是对10世纪末至11世纪出现的一系列高度程式化壁画的直观概称，因其中出现以绿色为底色的大面积千佛或净土变而成为这类壁画的代称。……