海上安保需求视角下发展中国私营武装护航的制度构想

彭先伟 龙铖

摘要：中国推行“海上丝绸之路”所涉沿线水域存在着不稳定因素，相关中国企业面临安全威胁，存在安保需求。和西方发达国家相比，中国私营安保、武装护航企业的质和量都有较大差距，无法满足中国“走出去”的企业的安保需要。很重要的原因之一是中国现有的法律制度对私营武装护航业务的定位不清，这制约了该行业的健康发展。有必要从供给侧改革角度入手，在承认私营武装护航的合法性、破除相应法律障碍的基础上，设置事前、事中、事后的监管机制，对私营武装护航加以规范化管理，并引导、支持保险公司设立和完善有关责任险种，以促进这一行业的健康发展，更好地护卫中国在海外的利益。

关键词：私营武装护航;海上安保;非法武装组织;供给侧改革

中图分类号：D996.19文献标志码：A

文章编号：2096-028X（2021）03-0090-07

Institutional conception of private armed escort in China from the

perspective of maritime security demands

PENG Xian-wei1，LONG Cheng2

（1.DeHeng Law Offices，Beijing 100033，China;2.T&C Lawfirm，Hangzhou 310012，China）

Abstract：There are unstable factors in the waters along the “Maritime Silk Road” in China， relevant Chinese enterprises are therefore facing security threats and have security needs. Compared with developed countries in the west， there is still a big gap between the quality and quantity of private security and armed escort enterprises in China， which cannot meet the security needs of Chinas “going abroad” enterprises. One important reason is that the current legal system in China is unclear about the providing of private armed escort business， which restricts the healthy development of this industry. From the perspective of supply-side reform， it is necessary to recognize the legality of private armed escort， remove the corresponding legal barriers， set up a pre-regulatory， in-regulatory and post-regulatory mechanism， standardize the management of private armed escort， guide and support insurance companies to establish and improve relevant liability insurance， so as to promote the healthy development of this industry and better protect Chinas interests abroad.

Key words：private armed escort;maritime security;illegal armed organization;supply-side reform

傳统上，武装力量为国家所垄断，国家对武器装备也有严格管控。私营安保往往被视为雇佣军，无论是陆地的私营武装安保，还是海上的私营武装安保（即“私营武装护航”），其合法性在最初并未得到广泛认可，但近年来海上的私营武装安保逐渐被远洋航运公司、保险公司、国际海事组织和部分国家接受。根据“《蒙特勒文件》论坛”（Montreux Document Forum）

2021年发布的《蒙特勒文件的海运解读（2021）》[Elements for a Maritime interpretation of the Montreux Document （2021）]，2017年航运业用于私营海运安保服务的开支在东非是2.925亿美元，在西非是2.137亿美元。[1]安保公司成员大多由退役军人组成，武器先进，有的还有政府背景，不仅可为船员进行安保培训，更增加了商船的武装抵抗能力。……