哈贝马斯法律商谈理论的深层困境

徐步华

【法学研究】 DOI：10.14182/j.cnki.j.anu.2021.06.012

关键词：哈贝马斯;法律与宗教;合法性;合法律性;法律商谈理论

摘 要：在前现代范式下，宗教为法律提供合法性来源。基于理性化和宗教世俗化的现代法律范式自17世纪产生以来最为核心的问题就是：“后传统（后形而上学）”法律的合法性何以可能？哈贝马斯拒绝将“后传统社会”法律还原为政治权力或道德的两种解决方案，并重点批判了第三种方案即将法律的合法性基于合法律性之循环论证的困境。为了解决后者的缺陷，他提出了世俗社会法律与宗教关系的模式——法律商谈理论，认为合法律性可以基于商谈原则使法律合法化。但法律商谈理论将法律的合法性基于商谈程序，也未能使法律充分合法化，因为其最终退回到一种类似于宗教的整全性信念之上。由此，现代法律可以独立于宗教或形而上学世界观而合法化这一现代社会共识本身甚至都遭致质疑。

中图分类号：D90文献标志码：A文章编号：1001-2345（2021）06-0121-11

The Deep Dilemma of Habermass Discourse Theory of Law—From the Perspective of the Relationship between Law and Religion

XU Bu-hua （School of Law， Anhui Normal University， Wuhu Anhui 241002， China）

Key words： Habermas; law and religion; legitimacy; legality; discourse theory of law

Abstract： Under the pre-modern paradigm， religion provides the source of legitimacy for law. Since the emergence of modern legal paradigm in the 17th century， the most important question is： how can the legitimacy of posttraditional or postmetaphysical law be possible？ Habermas refuses to reduce the law of “posttraditional society” to political power or morality， and criticizes the dilemma of the third solution， that is， the circular explanation of the legitimization of law based on legality . In order to solve the defects of the latter， he puts forward the model of the relationship between the law and religion in the secular society - the discourse theory of law， which holds that the legality of law can legitimize the law based on the discourse principle. However， the discourse theory of law basing the legitimacy of law on discourse procedure， also fails to fully legitimize the law， because it finally returns to a kind of comprehensive belief similar to religion. As a result， the modern social consensus that modern law can be legitimized independently of the religious or metaphysical worldview itself has even been questioned.

法律与宗教之间的关系已成为一场持续辩论的主题。与早期神学试图将宗教或上帝作为法律的基础（法律的合法性来源于宗教或上帝）不同，现代辩论的参与者几乎没有人主张一种神学或宗教的法律合法性。法律学者和哲学家们似乎都有一种现代共识，即世界已经“祛魅”了。世界不能再在整全性的1宗教或形而上学的世界观下被视为一个完整、有意义的整体，法律也不能再以其宗教或形而上学的基础而合法化。……