远足：清末新式学堂的师生“从游”

李成晴

【教育研究】 DOI：10.14182/j.cnki.j.anu.2021.06.013

关键词：远足;清末;新式学堂;远足会;远足记

摘 要：清末的新式学堂，特别重视师生进行有计划的集体户外游学，史称“远足会”。“远足”是从日本输入的词汇，词汇所附着的教育理念，既受到欧美自然主义户外教育模式以及日本明治时期“远足”教育模式的影响，也与中国古代师生从游、登山临水的文化基因一脉相承。围绕远足活动，清末各地学堂积累了制度化的筹备经验，同时也对其流弊进行了矫正。远足活动之后的“远足记”，既是“远足会”制度规定下的写作训练，也是学子们在清末“数千年未有之大变局”中的心史记录。“远足会”的教育形式，在民国得以继承，并延续到当今，从中可以窥见中国近现代教育理念在某些具体环节上的一贯性。

中图分类号：G40-09文献标志码：A文章编号：1001-2435（2021）06-0132-11

Hiking： the “Study Tour” of Teachers and Students of New Schools in the Late Qing Dynasty

LI Cheng-qing（Writing Center of School of Humanities， Tsinghua University， Beijing 100084， China）

Key words： hiking; the late Qing dynasty; new schools; hiking club; hiking record

Abstract： In the late Qing dynasty， new schools paid special attention to planned outdoor study tours for teachers and students， known as “hiking” in history. “Hiking” is a word imported from Japan， which is also influenced by the outdoor education mode of Naturalism in Europe and America and the education mode of “hiking” in Meiji Period of Japan. It is also in line with the cultural genes of ancient Chinese teachers and students who travel and climb mountains together. Schools in the late Qing dynasty are quite experienced in planning of “hiking” and rectified the weaknesses of the activities. The “hiking record” after the hiking activity is not only the academic writing task but also the record of the great changes of that time. The educational form of “Hiking Club” was inherited in the Republic of China and continues to the present day， from which we can get a glimpse of the consistency of Chinas modern educational concepts in some specific links.

錢穆《八十忆双亲·师友杂忆》曰：“又一日，命诸生各带石板石笔铅笔及毛边稿纸出校门，至郊外一古墓;苍松近百棵。命诸生各自择坐一树下，静观四围形势景色，各自写下。”[1]113其时为1919年，钱穆正任后宅初级小学校长。据钱穆自述，“作文课亦令生活化，令诸生皆不啻如自其口出”，是其半年中所得的一大教学经验，而研究者也往往将郊游写作看成是钱穆的创举，是其“不拘一格、启迪心智”“个性教学”[2]77的典型事例。这则事例，自然有着钱穆自由发挥的成分在内，但从深层渊源观之，也是自清末新式学堂以来“远足会”教学传统影响下的产物。透过这样一个师生远足“从游”的小切口，观其澜而索其源，可以帮助我们更好地理解晚清—民国—共和国三个历史时期在教育教法等方面的内在一贯性与延续性。……