系表结构,还是被动语态

2015-08-04 15:41尹继友
高中生学习·高二版 2015年4期
关键词:被动语态及物动词分词

尹继友

大家都知道,过去分词既可以出现在系表结构里,又可以出现在被动语态里。因此,我们可以把这种情况称为静动句的混合体。静句是用来描写事物的性质或状态的;动句用来描写动作及其过程。由于这两种结构在形式上是一样的,都由be+ed分词构成,这样就给区分系表结构和被动语态带来了麻烦。其实,我们可以从以下几个方面来分辨它们。

从动词的性质来区分

英语中的不及物动词不用于被动语态。但是,不及物动词的过去分词可以和动词be连用构成系表结构。在这个结构中,过去分词只表示动作已经完成,强调事物的状态。常见的这种形式的不及物动词有:gone,come,arrived,fallen,retired,startled,vexed,mistaken等。这些不及物动词都具有描述性质。例如:

Her fever is gone,but she still feels weak.

I shall be vexed if you keep mentioning it.

The interviewer was quite mistaken about the incidents which happened in the campus.

注意 如果构成分词的动词是一个持续性动词,不表示终极界限,也不表示动作结果,而是强调动作的持续性,在这种情况下谓语大多数是被动语态。例如:

All the books were carried to the library.

Several students were honoured for their excellent performance in the English contest.

从句子表达的内容来区分

被动语态表示动作,句子的主语是动作的承受者;系表结构中的过去分词已经基本上失去了动词的性质,只起到一个形容词的作用,在句子中作表语,说明主语的性质,或所具有的特征或所处的状态。例如:

The houses were beautifully decorated. (系表结构)

The houses were decorated and rented to those who were badly in need of shelters. (被动语态)

The book is not illustrated. (系表结构)

The book was illustrated by a famous artist. (被动语态)

从-ed分词后所跟的介词来区别

作形容词用的-ed分词在个别情况下,可以跟随除by-phrase以外的其他介词,如about,at,in,on,with,over,to等。例如:

Im interested in my own hobbies,such as collecting stamps,raising birds and fishing. (系表结构)

I was interested by what you showed me. (被动语态)

The people present at the meeting were annoyed with the tedious speech. (系表结构)

The people who wanted to attend the meeting were surprised by the announcement of the adjournment without day. (被动语态)

从修饰词来区分

1. 在英语表达中,过去分词具有形容词性质,因此可用程度副词more,quite,rather,very等修饰。凡是能用这类副词修饰的过去分词多为系表结构。例如: Her look was quite amused.

After working the whole morning,we were very tired.

2. 如果-ed分词的结构中由时间状语、地点状语、原因状语或方式状语来修饰整个句子,表示动作的持续性,反复性,这时这个句子就是被动语态。例如:

The dam is completed. (系表结构)

The dam had been completed within two months. (被动语态)

He was wounded. (系表结构)

He was wounded in the battle. (被动语态)

通过时态来区分

系表结构中的动词be为系动词,多用于一般现在时和一般过去时。偶尔在系表结构中也可见到一般将来时和现在完成时。而在被动语态结构中的动词be是助动词。除了很少用于完成进行时和将来完成时之外,可以用各种时态。

I shall be much obliged to you for an early reply. (系表结构)

The house is being built by the river. (被动语态)

另外从时态方面考虑,区分被动语态和系表结构时,可用“还原”的方法。看能否将“be+过去分词”形式还原为对应的主动语态。如果是被动语态,它的时态要与相应的主动结构一致。如果是系表结构,一般没有对应时态的主动结构。例如:

My window is broken. (这个句子是系表结构,此句没有对应时态的主动句。不能还原为Someone breaks the window.)

A lot of new cars have been made since the technical innovations have been adopted. (此句是被动语态。可以将这个句子还原为We have made a lot of cars since we adopted the technical innovations.)

从动词be能否被替代来区分

被动语态一般由助动词be+ed分词构成。系表结构除了与be连用之外,还可以用其他动词替换。能被替换的词有:become,get,turn,sound,rest,lie,look,keep,remain,seem,appear等。例如:

You may rest assured that everything possible will be done.

He appeared perplexed at the thought of the future.

以上几个例句中的rest,appear替换了be,我们可以认定该句是系表结构,如不能替换就是被动语态。

这里我们强调一下get的用法。get+ed分词既可作系表结构,还可以作被动语态。究竟属于哪种结构,主要是看说话人强调的重点。如果强调动作它就是被动语态;如果强调状态,此句就是系表结构。例如:

The house will get white-washed next week. (此句强调动作,因此我们可以认定此句是被动语态。)

[练习]

1. As we all know, their factory . (locate)

众所周知,他们工厂坐落在山脚下。

2. We started a project . (aim)

我们开始了一项旨在改善生活条件的工程。

3. We are curious to know whether the official . (involve)

我们好奇这位官员是否涉及此案。

4. Some parents complain that their children . (burden)

有些家长抱怨他们的孩子课业负担过重。

[参考答案]

1. is located in the foot of the mountain

2. aimed at improving/better living conditions

3. involved in this case

4. are burdened with heavy homework

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