京剧典籍《聂隐娘》的英译研究

2016-08-02 10:32王希宝王琢珏
戏剧之家 2016年14期
关键词:聂隐娘

王希宝++王琢珏

【摘 要】为了传承传统文化和传播京剧,本文以程砚秋的代表作京剧《聂隐娘》为例,研究传统文化典籍的英译,重点研究了该剧的唱词英译,即以“闺怨”【西皮慢板】、“夜行”【西皮快板】和“舞剑”【西皮二六】为例,进行汉英对照分析。

【关键词】京剧典籍《聂隐娘》;英文说明书;英译价值;唱词汉英对照分析

中图分类号:H059 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1007-0125(2016)07-0008-03

一、京剧典籍《聂隐娘》的故事梗概

京剧《聂隐娘》由金仲荪任编剧,本事见唐代段成式的《聂隐娘》传奇、清代尤侗的《黑白卫》。魏博大将聂锋之女聂隐娘,为老尼摄去,传以剑术,学成,令刺杀太原太守胡藩,为民除害。聂隐娘回家,父母代选女婿,皆不中意,独属意一磨镜少年。婚后,聂隐娘夫妇受魏博节度使田季安之聘,前往刺杀陈许节度使刘昌裔,聂隐娘知道刘为人正直,变计反护刘,田知其事,怒遣精精儿、空空儿往刺。精精儿为聂隐娘所杀,空空儿一击不中,羞愤而去。聂隐娘免夫事刘,已则回山谒师。京剧《聂隐娘》于1925年4月18日,在北京三庆园首演,程砚秋饰演聂隐娘,该剧是程派的早期代表剧目之一,文武并重。

二、京剧典籍《聂隐娘》的英文说明书

Peking Opera Nie Yingniang composed by Jin Zhongsun in 1920s, was first put on in SanQing Theatre in Beijing on April 18th,1925 .It was Cheng Yanqius earlier famous works that was both singing and dancing.Its original came from legend of Nie Yinninang by Duan Chengshi in Tang Dynasty and Black and White Guard by You Tong in Qing Dynasty. It is told that Nie Yinniang whose father was NieFeng ,a minister of Weibo ,was snatched by an old Buddhist nun to learn skills of swords in Tang dynasty. After mastering some skills, she was ordered to murder Hu Fan who acted as chief in Taiyuan to remove Mr .Hu Fan ,the evil for people. When she got home, she was discontent with his boyfriend who has already been selected by her parents, on the contrary, she liked another handsome young man who worked at grinding mirrors. After their marriage, the couple of Nie Yinniangs was sent by Tian Jian to murder Liu Shiyi ,a Jiedushi of Chenxu, but Madam Nie knew that Mr. Liu was a just man, in turn, protecting him from being hurt. Hearing about that, Mr.Tian forced Kongkonger and Jingjinger to kill Madam Nie with anger. As a result, Nie Yingniang killed Jingjinger,and Kongkonger ran away for Nie Yingniangs missing shot.And then, Nie Yingniang told her husband that she would work for Liu Changyi, saying goodbye to her husband, at last she returned to the mountain nunnery where her teacher lived , worshiping for her teacher, the old Buddhist nun,and went on learning the art of swordsmanship.

三、京剧典籍《聂隐娘》的英译价值

京剧《聂隐娘》的英译价值在于挖掘它的鲜明主题、人物形象和艺术特色。“聂隐娘自己做主嫁给了一个没有半点英雄气概的磨镜郎,是给《红拂传》的一个答复。”①这段话表面说明她丈夫很窝囊,实则突出了聂隐娘的女权意识,她想要主宰自己的幸福,对封建包办婚姻进行了坚决反抗,说明她有强烈的抗争意愿,这种主题的京剧作品在中国上世纪二十年代实属罕见。

聂隐娘的人物形象是丰满的,她的性格坚强、勇敢、富有同情心,侠义仗胆的气质个性决定了她决心惩罚奸佞,为民除害,这样的行为和举动依然值得我们当代人思考,有助于重新审视和评价婚姻观、价值观和女权主义。

如果说在罗瘿公的笔下,聂隐娘能跃然纸上,栩栩如生,那么通过程砚秋的舞台表演,这一人物形象就更加熠熠生辉、光彩照人了。京剧《聂隐娘》的艺术特色主要体现在“闺怨”、“夜行”和“舞剑”中。“闺怨”有大段【西皮慢板】,整段唱腔的基调是抑郁、幽怨和无奈,富有程派的唱腔特色,有四句大腔,落音分别落在6(院),1(鸾),2(患),5(颜)上,绝不雷同,很新颖。一般传统青衣唱法的上下句末尾字的落音分别是6,5;6,5,而程先生首先突破了这种传统。“夜行”和“舞剑”“夜行”边唱【西皮快板】边跑∞行大圆场;“舞剑”是边唱二六边与李十二娘双舞单剑,吴富琴回忆道:“《聂隐娘》里,他扮聂隐娘,我扮李十二娘,我们有一套‘双舞单剑,与老路子不同,这就是根据武术中的剑法编制设计的。”②这是很吃功夫的,最后的“虎气龙身”中,程先生使用了一个多达16拍的回龙腔结束全句,显示了极强的吞吐收放和气息控制力。

悫厂以题为《观黄金剧后什谈》一文评砚秋于是日演出的《聂隐娘》一剧,文曰:休息后,砚秋之《聂隐娘》即登场,此戏为砚秋初红时所排,因彼时北平盛行舞剑戏,故梅程尚诸伶,均纷排武侠戏,以相号召,《聂隐娘》亦其一也。砚秋饰聂隐娘,道白均用京白,听之清晰异常,扮相并不因其体胖而减色,聂既为侠女,且为有根基者,其行动当与常女子异,程砚秋颇能体会于此,故演时行动,均以轻快爽利出之,颇为合度。末场舞剑,与吴富琴之李十二娘合舞,二人同唱二六,边唱边舞,极动听悦耳……③

节度跳梁日月昏,古今之貉总难论。奸人头脑知多少,谁试于阗玉上痕。

第一台前夜欲阑,公孙剑器动千官。而今重顾当时曲,已在康猧局后看。乙丑夏初,某当局盛时,曾张乐第一舞台,烦玉霜演。此时已深夜,冠盖盈庭,掌声雷动。当时达官今星散尽矣。” ④

这些评价还原了程砚秋当年演出京剧《聂隐娘》的盛况。《聂隐娘》继承了程砚秋载歌载舞的戏路,如果说《红拂传》奠定了程砚秋侠女戏的基础,那么《聂隐娘》无疑是在此基础上的拓展与扩充,极大地丰富了早期程派剧目。从挖掘濒临失传的传统剧目和传承传统文化的层面来看,英译这部典籍还是有深刻意义的,另外,传播以京剧为代表的传统文化始终是我们坚持改革开放、对外进行文化交流的重要方式之一,不仅中国人要研究它,还要让世界各国人民来参与研究,因此研究这部京剧典籍的英译价值意义重大。

四、京剧典籍《聂隐娘》唱词的汉英对照分析

京剧《聂隐娘》的重点场次有三个:“闺怨”【西皮慢板】、“夜行”【西皮快板】和“舞剑”【西皮二六】,现将唱词翻译如下并进行对照分析:

1.“闺怨”【西皮慢板】"Complaint in Boudoir" 【Xipi Slow Style 4/4】

月昏黄又照那落花庭院,At dusk the moonlight is shining the courtyard where the flowers have been fallen down.(落花庭院用一个定语从句表示当时的环境描写,以表达聂隐娘的抑郁心情,shining与fallen形成对比。)

锁春愁好一似奴凤囚鸾;My gloomy feeling is oppressed and Im imprisoned just like a prisoner( in prison).(意译,明喻);My gloomy feeling is locked and Im closed in cage just like a phoenix.(直译,明喻)(春愁,(清)丘逢甲 春愁难遣强看山,往事惊心欲潸然。四百万人同一哭,去年今日割台湾。这里借鉴了清代诗人丘逢甲的“春愁”,突出爱国情怀,抵抗《马关条约》,此处表达聂隐娘想要杀奸除暴的愿望,以示聂隐娘的侠女气概。)

恨不能效男儿杀奸除患,Im very anxious to kill the treacherous court officials and eliminate the men who make troubles, just like a man.(直译,反说正译,汉语否定句“不能”,译成英语后变为肯定句了。)

I intend to kill the men who make trouble or break faith with like a man.(意译)

(杀奸除患:捣乱,make trouble,背信弃义 break faith with,用限制性定语从句表示,突出聂隐娘的女丈夫形象。)

早有心替女流一洗羞颜;

I made up my own mind to wash down the shames for the feminism long before.

(替女流一洗羞颜,用“西方女权主义”feminism表示。)

只是我困樊笼未从所愿,But Im now in a cage just like a bird and I cant do what I want,

没耐何掩香闺空度流年。So I have no choice but to kill time in my boudoir, weeping.

(掩香闺指在闺房掩面哭泣,分词做伴随情况状语。)

2.“夜行”【西皮快板】“Sneaking at Night”【Xipi Fast Style 1/1】

正春宵好一派空明夜景,满天中都映着淡月疏星;

It is a good spring night when it is full of scenes reflected by a mirror , with the stars and moonlight scattered in the empty sky.

(合句,“春宵”一词源自苏轼“春宵一刻值千金”诗句,表示美好时光的短暂。)

正春宵good spring night后面带了一个由when引导的定语从句,两个with复合结构作状语修饰从句谓语动词,“淡”月“疏”星,用一个scattered表示,避免重复;隐喻,把天空比作明亮的镜子。)

看眼底万人家寂无动静,笑痴愚正做他好梦昏腾;

With my own eyes I find lamps and candles of a myriad families lighted, still and at the same time I make a joke about their dreaming at good night.

(合句,lamps and candles of a myriad families 表示万家灯火,lighted 作宾补,still adj.表示寂静,作伴随情况状语修饰前面的谓语find。)

他哪知半空中有人清醒,

The people who are sleeping in their dreams dont know who is all awakened in the air.

(增词,他指睡梦中的人们,哪知,正说反译,dont know)

这才是旁观者看得分明。It is the onlookers who can see something clearly.(使用It is……who的强调句型)

急忙忙也不怕天寒风冷,我便来掀动他足底风云。

At the risk of cold wind, I adventure in a hurry so that I can make a tremendous stir in a heavenly palace .

(合句,掀动他足底风云,运用了夸张的修辞手法,借鉴了“大闹天宫”的典故,属于借代。)

一霎时度过了千山万岭,好比那小游仙御风而行。

Ill be flying wind walk just like a fairy the moment (that) I go through thousands of miles.

(合句,明喻,the moment that 引导时间状语从句,“小游仙御风而行”表现聂隐娘“仙风道骨似仙游”的侠女气度,用fly wind walk, go through来表达,比较逼真、形象。)

3.“舞剑”【西皮二六】"Performing Swords"【Xipi 1/2 rhythm】

手把龙泉奉师命,Im ordered to dance and perform ,catching a single sword, whose Dragon Spring is, in my hand.(聂隐娘在这场舞的是单剑,所以必须用a single sword 表明。)

山容含笑似欢迎;Mountains all welcome me, performing

a dance ,single sword in hand.

(拟人,山都笑了来欢迎我,single sword in hand,属于独立主格,相当于with a single sword in my hand,作伴随情况状语修饰performing,而performing 又作伴随情况状语修饰前面的谓语welcome)

初时作势看猱进,又复翻身效虎蹲;柔若三眠娇柳醒,轻如双燕御风行。First of all I make a gesture like a monkey, and then I turn my body ,jumping and squatting like a tiger, finally I fly wind walk like two swallows, swiftly and slightly ,for my body is so tender that it is just a branch of willow.

(四句合成一句,用first of all首先, and then 其次,finally 再次来衔接,使用三个明喻,舞剑的三个舞姿动作分别像猴子、老虎和燕子;腰姿像柳树枝,而且借鉴了“人柳三眠”的典故,形容聂隐娘舞剑时的腰肢非常柔软,像杨柳树枝一般婀娜。)

剑光四射迷人影,The sword is shining so much that it is fascinating,(减词,人影)

寒芒冷照箭流星,The cold gloss of it is reflected, shooting just like a meteor.(减词,省略“箭”;另外,使用了隐喻,把单剑当作弓箭和天上的流星,形成双重隐喻,说明聂隐娘的舞剑动作很快,剑光芒四射,使人眼花缭乱,速度之快简直就是无弓之箭、天上的流星那般划过。)

我与你舞将来雪花乱迸,You and I will dance 24 style of Wushu together with the 2 single swords dazzling, just like snowflakes bursting,

(你,指李十二娘,舞将来表示双舞单剑24式,用音译,Wushu)

莫负他这宝剑虎气龙身。The treasured swords tiger mind and its dragon body shouldnt be let down/disappointed.(直译)

We should cherish the treasure sword solemn and sacred.(意译)

五、结语

京剧典籍《聂隐娘》的英译研究虽然是尝试性的,却有特殊意义。两种文化的转换意味着中西方文化差异性的客观存在,如何解决好这个矛盾,仍然有待探讨。

注释:

①程砚秋:《程砚秋戏剧文集》[M].北京:文化艺术出版社,2003年12月第1版,第9页。

②程永江:《程砚秋史事长编》(上)[M].北京:北京出版社,2002年12月第1版,第195页。

③程永江:《程砚秋史事长编》(下)[M].北京:北京出版社,2002年12月第1版,第422页。

④程永江:《程砚秋史事长编》(上)[M].北京:北京出版社,2002年12月第1版,第196页。

参考文献:

[1]陶君起.京剧剧目初探[M].北京:中华书局,2008.

[2]王宏印.中国文化典籍英译[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2009.

[3]司显柱.汉译英教程[M].上海:华东大学出版社,2009.

[4]张震久,孙建民.英汉互译简明教程[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2009.

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