美国高校学术科研信息公开的原则、标准及路径

郝建军

〔摘要〕科学研究是高校自治中的重要内容，也是自治程度最高的领域。同政府信息公开相比，学术科研信息适用推定公开原则的范围较窄，其是否公开涉及的因素更多，公开范围的确定和划分更加复杂。从学术科研信息公开范围来看，美国大学信息公开制度主要从信息公开时间节点、信息种类、所涉利益的轻重缓急等多个维度出发，制定了一套易于实施操作的分类划分标准，很好的处理了学术自治与信息公开之间的矛盾，在保证信息公开的同时维护了相关利益者的权益。通过案例分析，对美国学术科研信息公开制度进行了深入探讨，对信息分类方法、标准和原则等进行了讨论，为我国学术科研信息公开提供有益经验。

〔关键词〕美国；高校；学术科研信息；信息公开；信息自由法

DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1008-0821.2016.11.028

〔中图分类号〕G251〔文献标识码〕A〔文章编号〕1008-0821（2016）11-0154-04

〔Abstract〕The academic research field is the inherent domain of university and has the highest level of autonomy.Compared with the open government practice，information disclosure in the academic research field needs to consider more complicated factors before applying the principle of presumption of openness.In terms of the scope of openness of academic research information，the information disclosure system in the United States is mainly concerned with the types of information，the time process of information and the importance of public interest，which have made this country set up a series of highly operable delineation of standards and methods.These practices have effectively eliminated the contradiction between information disclosure and academic autonomy，ensuring the important interests of the public and the realization of the public purpose at the same time.From the means of case analyses，this article intended to deeply analyze the scope of academic research information disclosure and the method，principle and standard of its delimitation in the United States，which could provide substantial experience for the delimitation of academic research information disclosure scope in China in the future.

〔Key words〕America；university；academic research information；information disclosure；freedom of information act

同高校其他信息相比，学术科研信息内容更加复杂多样化，其中最突出的特点就是涉及了多元化的利益主体和利益关系。这些利益关系主要涉及学术研究活动本身，如果采取不合适的信息公开方式，不仅会对学术科研利益群体造成负面影响，不利于学术研究工作的健康发展，打击研究者者工作积极性，还会影响大学学术自由氛围的形成和维持[1]。但是随着近年来不断爆发的学术不端丑闻，公众对学者信任度不断下降，对公开学术科研信息的呼声也越来越高[2]。在当前信息公开制度的发展和推动下，划分学术科研信息公开的范围、标准要考虑到多种因素的影响，兼顾到多方面的利益诉求，不能生搬硬套已有的推定公开原则，同时也要注重发挥学术科研信息公开的价值和作用。……