意群分割法解析英语长难句

2017-02-16 03:16江西张人天
教学考试(高考英语) 2017年1期
关键词:画线主干介词

江西 张人天

意群分割法解析英语长难句

江西 张人天

高考英语阅读理解中总有些长句难句,考生看到这些长句难句不知如何分析,不明句意,继而影响了文章的整体理解和细节把握。新课程标准在语言知识九级要求中提出:高中生要“逐步接触和了解较为复杂的语言现象,对较复杂的语言现象具有一定的归纳、分析和解释能力”。由此可见,掌握英语句子的基本结构和学会分析较为复杂的语言现象,对提高学生的阅读能力和英语高考成绩是有帮助的。本文就意群分割法解析英语长难句进行探讨,以期对大家有所帮助。

所谓意群分割解析,就是根据语言结构将长难句的各种意思群体分割开来,各个击破,然后整合全句的意思。

一般来讲,英语中的长难句多为复杂句,其结构相对复杂,逻辑层次多,并列成分和插入成分多; 修饰语多,特别是后置定语很长; 各种从句多,从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、嵌套,也可能并列、平行,如,名词性从句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句; 定语从句和状语从句;省略和倒装经常出现;由于结构的需要,常见的搭配常常会颠倒或提前等。正是由于中英文的思维差异,如中文修辞顺序都是前置,而英语中可以有后置定语,扩展的后置定语常常带有从句或长修饰语的复杂句,中国学生对此很不习惯,这就造成了理解上的困难。

但是,无论多长的句子、多复杂的句子结构,它们都是由一些基本成分组成的,或者说是由不同的意思群体组成的。英语句子的基本成分就是主语、谓语和宾语。除了祈使句外,英语句子不可缺少的就是主、谓、宾部分,它们是句子的核心,其他都是附加的。因此,在分析英语长句结构时,首先要找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干结构;找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词;分析各从句的作用以及它们之间的关系。例如,是否为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、状语从句或强调句、感叹句等,以及词、短语和从句之间的关系,分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等其他成分,分析中心内容及其各层意思。然后再分析各层意思之间的逻辑关系。最后综合以上分析得出全句的整体意思。分析的顺序应是:找出核心(主谓宾)→分析其他部分之间或与核心部分(主谓宾)之间的关系→整合全句的意思。

1. (2016全国卷Ⅰ,B篇)Having your grandchildren far away is hard,especially knowing your adult child is struggling,but giving up the life you know may be harder.

【译文】与孩子们距离远是痛苦的,尤其是知道你的成年子女日子艰难,但是放弃你熟悉的生活可能会更难。

【解析】【Having your grandchildren far away】 is hard,especially knowing your adult child is struggling,but 【giving up the life (you know)】 may be harder.

这是由but连接的两个并列句,下画线部分为句子主干,波浪线部分为现在分词短语作前一个分句的状语,鱼尾号部分为动名词短语分别作两个分句的主语,小括号部分为定语从句修饰先行词“the life”。

2. (2016全国卷Ⅰ,C篇)For this courier job,you’re consciously aware that in that box you’ve got something (that is potentially going to save somebody’s life).

【译文】对于这份传递员的工作而言,你会自觉地意识到你手中的那个箱子装着可能挽救某人生命的东西。

【解析】For this courier job,you’re consciously aware that in that box you’ve got something (that is potentially going to save somebody’s life).

下画线粗线条部分为句子主干,其前是个介词短语作状语,其后波浪线部分为宾语从句,在此宾语从句中又有括号内的定语从句。

3.(2016全国卷Ⅰ,D篇)Therefore,when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops,what may be implied(暗示)is that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing.

【译文】所以当这些文化人之一在讲话时突然停住了,可能那个人是在继续讲话前暗示听众去思考他之前说了什么。

Therefore,when a person from one of these cultures is speaking and suddenly stops,what maybe implied(暗示)is(that the person wants the listener to consider what has been said before continuing).

下画线粗线条部分为句子主干,主干主语由主语从句担当,其前面波浪线部分为状语从句,括号部分为表语从句,在此表语从句中又有波浪线部分的宾语从句。

4.(2016全国卷Ⅱ,B篇)His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect(感染)other students.

【译文】他的存在意味着我在班上有一位意想不到的教学助手,并且他的创造力会感染其他的学生。

【解析】His presence meant that I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class (whose creativity would infect(感染)other students).

下画线部分为句子主干,其后波浪线部分为下画线的宾语从句,在此宾语从句中又有括号内的定语从句。

5.(2016全国卷Ⅱ,C篇)Then the person leaves it in a public place,hoping that the book will have an adventure,traveling far and wide with each new reader who f nds it.

【译文】然后,这个人把它放在一个公共场所,希望这本书会经历一次冒险,与发现它的每一个新读者到处旅行。

【解析】Then the person leaves it in a public place,hoping that the book will have an adventure,traveling far and wide with each new reader (who f nds it).

下画线部分为句子主干,其后波浪线部分是现在分词短语作状语,在此分词短语中又有括号内的定语从句。

6.(2016全国卷Ⅲ,A篇)CCM organizes a variety of events,including performances by the well-known LaSalle Quartet,CCM’s Philharmonic Orchestra,and various groups of musicians presenting Baroque through modern music.

【译文】CCM组织了多样的活动,包括知名的La-Salle四重奏乐团和CCM爱乐管弦乐团的演出,还有各种音乐家团体通过现代音乐展示的巴洛克风格的音乐。

【解析】CCM organizes a variety of events,including performances by the well-known LaSalle Quartet,CCM’s Philharmonic Orchestra,and various groups of musicians(presenting Baroque through modern music).

下画线部分为句子主干,其后波浪线部分为介词短语作后置定语,在此介词短语中又有括号内的现在分词短语作后置定语。

7.(2016全国卷Ⅲ,B篇)Heading back downtown toward her hotel,her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi state reunion(团聚).

【译文】在返回市区宾馆的途中,她的大都市的朋友们惊讶于他们活动的转变,他们的聚会早已由纽约式的宴会变成了密西西比人的地方性团聚。

【解析】Heading back downtown toward her hotel,her big-city friends were amazed at the turn of events(that had changed their Big Apple dinner into a Mississippi).

下画线部分为句子主干,其前面波浪线部分为现在分词短语作时间状语,其后括号中的内容是定语从句,修饰先行词“the turn of events”。

8.(2016全国卷Ⅲ,B篇)Beauticians,bartenders,piano players and people with purple hats,Welty’s people come from afternoons spent visiting with old friends,from walks through the streets of her native Jackson,Miss,from conversations overheard on a bus.

【译文】Welty小说中的角色——美容师,调酒师,钢琴演奏者及那些戴着紫色帽子的人——源自于她与老朋友共度的下午,源自于她在土生土长的密西西比州杰克逊城的大街小巷散步的过程中,还源自于她在公交车上无意间听到的闲谈。

【解析】Beauticians,bartenders,piano players and people with purple hats,Welty’s people come from afternoons(spent visiting with old friends),from walks through the streets of her native Jackson,Miss,from conversations overheard on a bus.

下画线粗线条部分为句子主干,其前面波浪线部分是Welty’s的同位语,其后三个from介词短语与come连用。括号内的内容为过去分词短语作后置定语。

9.(2016全国卷Ⅲ,C篇)To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets,it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence,such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.

【译文】对于那些已习惯于选择超市里有限的苹果种类,如Golden Delicious和Royal Gala的人来说,目睹Decio这种过去由罗马人种植的传统苹果品种如今依然存在可能会令他们大开眼界。

【解析】To people (who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets),it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of_classical apples still in existence,such as Decio which was grown by the Romans.

下画线部分为句子主干,it为形式主语,其前面为介词短语to people,而people后又接了个定语从句。后面为such as 短语,用于举例。

10.(2016全 国 卷 Ⅲ,D篇)Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication—e-mails,Web posts and reviews,face-to-face conversations—found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的),but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news.

【译文】分析口述交际如电子邮件,网贴,评论和面谈的研究者发现,它更倾向于更积极而不是消极的(内容),但这并不意味着人们更偏爱积极的消息。

【解析】Researchers (analyzing word-of-mouth communication—e-mails,Web posts and reviews,face-to-face conversations) —found [that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的)],but that didn’t necessarily mean[people preferred positive news].

下画线部分为句子主干,由but连接的两个并列分句组成。前一个分句相对复杂,括号内为现在分词短语作后置定语,鱼尾号部分分别为两个分句谓语动词found和mean的宾语从句。

11.(2016北京卷,B篇)Natalie posted introduction about a boy named Patrick,who lost his baseball card collection when his house burned down.

【译文】Natalie在网站上发布了一个叫Patrick的男孩的信息。他家的房子(在飓风中)被烧了,因此他失去了自己收集的棒球卡。

【解析】Natalie posted introduction about a boy ,(who lost his baseball card collection when his house burned down).

下画线部分为句子主干,其后波浪线部分为介词短语作后置定语,在此介词短语中过去分词短语“named Patrick”作后置定语,同时又有括号内的非限制性定语从句,定语从句中又有when引导的时间状语。

12.(2016北京卷,C篇)So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo,where they are treated with calcium EDTA,a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days.

【译文】于是,体内含有高剂量铅的秃鹫被送往洛杉矶动物园。在那里,这些秃鹫得到一种名为EDTA的钙物质的治疗。这是一种化学药物,能在几天时间内清除血液中的铅。

【解析】So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo,where they are treated with calcium EDT A,a chemical(that removes lead from the blood over several days).

下画线部分为句子主干,其中间波浪线部分是介词短语作后置定语,主干后面是where引导的非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词“Los Angeles Zoo”; 在此非限制性定语从句中又有that引导的限制性定语从句,修饰先行词 “a chemical”。

13.(2016北京卷,D篇)If acceptable social behavior is too strictly de f ned(规定)and controlled,the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.

【译文】如果被社会所接受的行为在大学受到过于严格的规定和控制,那么管理者力图将之降低到最少的那些不顾及他人感受的或者好斗的行为实际上可能会受到鼓励。

【解析】If acceptable social behavior is too strictly def ned(规 定)and controlled,the insensitive or aggressive behavior(that administrators are seeking to minimize)may actually be encouraged.

下画线部分为句子主干,其前面是if引导的条件状语从句,括号部分是that引导的定语从句。

14.(2016天津卷,A篇)We ask that you let us know of any allergies or dietary requirements as well as information about any medicines you take.

【译文】我们请你告知你有无过敏情况,你的饮食要求以及你的用药信息。

【解析】We ask that you let us know of any aller gies or dietary requirements as well as information about any medicines (you take).

下画线部分为句子主干,其后面波浪线部分是宾语从句,在此宾语从句中又有一个括号内的定语从句。

15.(2016天津卷,C篇)“Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence (能力)and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,” said George Vaillant,the psychologist (心理学家)who made the discovery.

【译文】发现这个现象的心理学家George Vailant说:“在社区或家中劳动的男孩能够获得能力并且感受到他们是有价值的社会成员。”

【解析】“Boys(who worked in the home or community)gained competence (能力)and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,” said George Vaillant,the psychologist (心理学家)(who made the discovery).

下画线部分为句子主干,其中间括号内是个定语从句,其后面波浪线部分是表语从句。

16.(2016四 川 卷,D篇)Those given night milk,which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin,were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime,according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.

【译文】由发表在《药物强化性食品杂志》上的研究可知,饮用在夜间取自奶牛的牛奶的老鼠比那些饮用在白天取的牛奶的老鼠更不活跃,更不焦虑。在夜间取的牛奶里所含的褪黑激素是在白天取的牛奶的十倍。

【解析】Those【given night milk,(which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin)】,were less active and less anxious than those ,according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.

下画线部分为句子主干,其中间方括号内是过去分词短语作定语,在此分词短语中又有个非限制性定语从句。主干后面是两个过去分词短语作后置定语。最后波浪线部分是介词短语作状语。

17.(2016江苏卷,C篇)El Nino,a Spanish term for “the Christ child”,was named by South American fisherman who noticed that the global weather pattern,which happens every two to seven years,reduced the amount of f shes caught around Christmas.

【译文】厄尔尼诺,一个意为基督小孩的西班牙词语,是由一个南美洲的渔民取的。这个渔民注意到每两到七年发生的全球气候形式减少了圣诞节期间捕鱼的数量。

【解析】El Nino,a Spanish term for “the Christ child”,was named by South American f sherman (who noticed that the global weather pattern,,reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas).

下画线部分为句子主干,其中间是个同位语,其后面是个限制性定语从句,在此限制性定语从句中套有一个非限制性定语从句。

18.(2016浙江卷,C篇)For example,it may only be through repeated experiments,evidence gathering,and f nally overturning a theory,that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have dif ferent views and desires from what he or she has,for example,unlike the child ,Mommy actually doesn’t like Dove chocolate.

【译文】例如,可能正是通过重复试验,证据收集和最终推翻一个理论,小孩才会接受其他人可能有不同的想法和欲望的观点,如妈咪不喜欢德芙巧克力。

【解析】For example,it may only be through repeated experiments,evidence gathering,and finally overturning a theory,that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires ,for example,unlike the child,Mommy actually doesn’t like Dove chocolate.

下画线部分为句子主干,主干结构是强调句式。其后面是that引导的同位语从句。

(作者单位:江西省赣州市南康中学)

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