被动语态高考考点透析

吴元培

近年来对被动语态（ passive participle，下文简称pp）的考查是高考的热点之一，特别是以考查其与动词各种时态相结合的题型为主，并且体现在上下文语境当中。本文通过对最近几年来有关被动语态的高考试题的归纳和分析，让学生了解和掌握被动语态在高考常考时态中的具体运用。

一、高考常考时态的被动语态

当我们强调动作的承受者或者我们不知道动作的执行者是谁或者动作的执行者是谁对我们并不重要时，我们就要采用被动语态。被动语态是由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成，助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化；含有情态动词的被动结构是由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。

（Ⅰ） 一般现在时的被动语态：am /is/are+ pp

1.A lot of people often forget that oral exams____to test our communicative ability.

A. design

B.are designed

C.are designing

D.are being designed

解析：一般现在时常与often，always，usually，sometimes，every day等时间状语连用，表示经常性动作或状态。design与oral exams之间构成动宾关系，所以谓语应用被动语态。故答案选择B项。

2. The wet weather will continue tomorrow if a cold front____to arrive.

A. is expected

B.is expecting

C.expects

D.will be expected

解析：在由if引导的条件状语从句中，如果主句使用将来时，从句应用一般现在时代替一般将来时，且expect与a cold front之间构成动宾关系，所以用一般现在时的被动语态。故选择A项。

（Ⅱ） -般过去时的被动语态：was/were+ pp

1. —Have you heard about that fire in the market？

—Yes， fortunately no one___.

A. hurt

B.was hurt

C.has hurt

D.had been hurt

解析：根据题干语境，“幸运的是没人受伤”表示的是一个过去的动作，因此，应使用一般过去时态。hurt与no one之间构成动宾关系，所以用被动语态。故选择B项。

2. The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune____.

A. is made

B.would make

C.was to be made

D.had made

解析：由句意以及主句中的时态“led”可知，从句需用过去将来时；make与fortune之间又构成动宾关系，所以又要用被动语态。故选择C项。

（Ⅲ）一般将来时与过去将来时的被动语态：will（would）/+pp或am/is/are/（ was/were） going to be+ pp

Don't worry.The hard work that you do now____later in life.

A.will be repaid

B.was being repaid

C.has been repaid

D.was repaid

解析：句意是：别担心。你现在努力的工作将会在以后的生活中得到回报。分析句子成分可知that you do now是定语从句修饰主语the hard work；再根据句中的信息词later可知此处应该用一般将来时，而work和pay之间构成动宾关系，所以用一般将来时的被动语态。故选择A项。

（Ⅳ）现在进行时与过去进行时的被动语态：am /is/are（ was/were）+being+pp

1. They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house____.

A. is being rebuilt

B.has been rebuilt

C.is rebuilt

D.has rebuilt

解析：根據句意：目前他们和父母住在一起，因为他们自己的房子现在正在重建中。所以用现在进行时，且their own house和rebuild逻辑上构成动宾关系，还表示目前正在进行中，故用现在进行时的被动语态。故选择A项。

2. After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading， only to be told that it________.

A. was decorated

B.had decorated

C. had been decorating

D.was being decorated

解析：根据语境，only to表示出乎意料的结果：本来我们想去图书馆看书，结果被告知图书馆正在装修。the reading room和decorate之间构成动宾关系，表示正在进行，还没有完工，所以用过去进行时的被动语态。故选择D项。

（Ⅴ）现在完成时与过去完成时的被动语态：has/have（ had ）+been+ pp

1.

In the last few years thousands of films____all over the world.

A. have produced

B.have been produced

C. are producing

D.are being produced

解析：produce与thousands of films之间构成动宾关系，所以用被动语态。in the last few years表示“在过去的几年里”，是从过去算到现在，是现在完成时的标志。故选择B项。

2. Experiments of this kind____in both the US and Europe well before the Second World War.

A. have conducted

B.have been conducted

C. had conducted

D.had been conducted

解析：conduct与主语experiment之间构成动宾关系，所以用被动语态。题干中出现的the Second World War是过去的时间点，before the Second War是过去的过去，因此应用过去完成时的被动语态。故选择D项。

（Ⅵ）将来完成时的被动语态：will have+ been+ pp

The mayor says that all construction work for the games____by 2026.

A. has been completed

B.has completed

C.will have been completed

D.will have completed

解析：由主句中的谓语says可知，“到2026年”是表示到将来的某个时间为止，将要完成的动作；并且complete与all construction work for the games之间构成动宾关系，所以用将来完成时的被动语态。故选择C项。

二、含有宾语补足语的被动语态

有些动词如：consider， find，feel，make，think，keep，name，call后跟宾语+宾语补足语。将这一主动结构变为被动结构时，只需将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语保留不变，这时它就成了主语补足语。可以充当宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词等。

1.行为动词

（1）The wet weather will continue tomorrow if a cold front____to arrive.

A. is expected

B.is expecting

C.expects

D.will be expected

解析：由主句使用将来时可知从句应该用一般现在时代替一般将来时；根据句子的意思expect與a cold front之间构成动宾关系。故选择A项。

2.感官动词和使役动词后接不定式做宾语补足语

在主动句中，感官动词（see，watch，hear，listen to等）和使役动词（make，have）后接不带to的不定式做宾语补足语；但改为被动语态后，要加上不定式符号to；若做宾语补足语的动词与宾语构成动宾关系，则宾语补足语用过去分词。

（1） To learn English well， we should find opportunities to hear English____as much aswe can.

A. speak

B.speaking

C.spoken

D.to speak

解析：speak与English之间构成动宾关系，所以用过去分词做宾语补足语。故选择C项。

（2） Paul doesn't have to be made____.He always works hard.

A. learn

B.to learn

C.learned

D.learning

解析：make表示“使得”，是使役动词，在主动语态中后接不带to的不定式做宾语补足语，但在被动语态中，后接带to的不定式做主语补足语。故选择B项。

【注意】但动词let其被动结构中不定式仍不带to。

例如：A bird is let go after being healed by doctors.一只乌在接受医生治疗后展翅高飞了。

三、含有双宾语的被动语态

有些动词如：give，tell，buy做谓语后可带双宾语。含有双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，可以将其中一个宾语变为主语，另一个保留不动。一般是将主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语；当直接宾语变为被动结构的主语时，间接宾语前应加介词to或for。

（1） -Do you have any problems if you____this job？

-Well， l'm thinking about the salary...

A. offer

B.will offer

C.are offered

D.will be offered

解析：offer后接双宾语，所以主语是offer动作的承受者，故用被动形式；而由if引导的时间状语从句，从句应用一般现在时代替一般将来时，故答案选C。

（2） This book is given to you.这书是给你的。

四、短语动词的被动语态

有些短语动词相当于及物动词，可以有被动语态，但短语动词是一个不可分隔的整体，变为被动语态时不可去掉构成短语动词中的介词或副词。

More attention should be paid____our education if possible.

A. to developing

B.to development

C.to develop

D.for developing

解析：本题强调名词attention，其实考查的是动词短语pay attention to，to是介词，后接名词或动名词。故选择A项。

五、“get+及物动词的过去分词”构成的被动语态

这种结构一般指动作的结果而非动作本身，常表示“状态的改变”。

Tom knew that he would certainly get_____if he was late home.

A. shout at

B.to shout at

C.shouted at

D.to be shouted at

解析：shout at逻辑上的宾语是主语Tom，所以用“get+及物动词的过去分词”，表示“状态的改变”。故选择C项。

六、非谓语动词中的被动语态

（1） _______to work overtime that evening，l missed a wonderful film.

A. Having been asked

B.To ask

C. Having asked.

D.To be asked

解析：分词的逻辑主语“I”与ask之间构成动宾关系。此外，非谓语动词所表示的动作是发生在句中谓语所表示的动作之前，所以用现在分词完成时的被动形式。故选择A项。

（2） Energy drinks are not allowed

in Australia but are brought in from New Zealand.

A. to make

B.to be made

C. to have been made

D.to be making

解析：根据词法，在被动语态中，allow后接不定式做主语补足语；make与Energy drinks之间构成动宾关系，陈述一种事实，所以用不定式被动形式的一般形式。故选择B项。

七、含有名词性从句的被动语态

带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，通常用it来做被动句的形式主语，宾语从句则变成了主语从句。这种结构也可以改为“主语+ be+过去分词+动词不定式”形式。

（1） At the end of the meeting， it was announced that an agreement____.

A. has been reached

B.had been reached C.has reached

D.had reached

解析：根据句法，此句是由that引导的主语从句。在主语从句中，reach与an agreement之间构成动宾关系，所以应用被动形式；并且从句动作发生在主句动作之前，因此用过去完成时的被动语态。故选择B项。

（2） Leonardo da Vinci （1452—1519）____birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasureof setting them free.

A. is said to be buying

B.is said to have bought

C. had said to buy

D.has said to have bought

解析：“be said”后接不定式；根据句意，分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，即：买鸟这一动作发生在说之前，因此此处应用不定式的完成时态。故答案选B。

【考点拓展】常见的含有名词性从句的被动结构的句型有：

It is ordered that...

根据命令……

It is reported that...

据报道……

It is well known that...

众所周知……

It must be admitted that...

必须承认……

It is required that...

根據要求……

It must be pointed out that...

必须指出……

It is generally considered that...

大家认为……

八、考查被动语态的省略形式

在when，while，if，unless，though等引导的时间、条件或让步状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致，从句又含有be动词时，常可以省略从句的主语和be动词。

-Who should be responsible for the accident？

-The boss， not the workers. They just carried out the order

A. as told

B.as are told

C.as telling

D.as they told

解析：由as引导定语从句，tell后接双宾语，从句主语和主句的主语一致，且和tell之间是动宾关系，可补为：as they were told，省略从句的主语和be动词were。故选择A项。

九、用主动形式表示被动意义

1.表示状态特征的系动词look，feel，taste，sound，smell，prove，seem，appear常接形容词或名词做表语，只能用主动形式表示被动的含义。

The water____cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise.

A. was felt

B.is felt

C.felt

D.feels

解析：由when引导的时间状语从句，应保持主从句时态的一致性；feel是系动词，只能用主动形式表示被动的含义。故选择C。

2.表示主語的某种属性特征的动词（如：read，write，sell，open，shut，begin，wash，wear，cut，lock，pack，act，draw，iron，dry， eat，heat， clean等）与副词well，smoothly， easily等连用时，说明主语内在的性能、特点，应用主动形式表示被动的含义。

Books of this kind____well.

A. sell

B.sells

C.are sold

D.is sold

解析：这种书很好卖，是说明主语内在的性能与特点，所以应用主动形式表示被动含义；而句子的主语是books，谓语动词应用复数形式。故选择A项。

3.少数动词用进行时的主动式表示被动含义，这时甸子的主语必须是无生命的物体。如：build，print， cook， hang， fry， make.

The books are printing.书在印刷。

4.need，want，require，stand， bear，deserve等词后面常接主动的-ing分词形式表示被动意义。

We've had a good start， but next， more work needs____to achieve the final success.

A. being done

B.do

C.to be done

D.to do

解析：句子的主语more work是动作承受者时，所以need后接动词-ing形式或者后接不定式的被动形式做宾语。故选择C项。

5.动词不定式在某些做表语的形容词后，用主动形式表示被动含义

当动词不定式做表语形容词（easy，difficult.hard，comfortable等）的状语，又与句子的主语构成动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。

In many people's opinion， that company， though relatively small， is pleasant____.

A. to deal with

B.dealing with

C.to be dealt with

D.dealt with

解析：在某些形容词后常用不定式的主动形式表被动含义，此时，不定式动作和句子的主语存在动宾关系。故选择A项。

6.动词不定式在某些做宾语补足语的形容词后，用主动形式表示被动含义。

当动词不定式做宾语补足语的形容词（easy，difficult，hard等）的状语，又与句子的宾语构成动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。

（1）This machine is very easy____.Anybody can learn to use it in a few minutes.

A. operating

B.to be operating

C.operated

D.to operate

解析：在形容词easy后常用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义，此时，不定式动作和句子的主语存在动宾关系，用主动形式表示被动含义。故选择D项。

（2）We find the man hard to get along with.我们发现这个男人很难相处。

7.不定式做名词或代词的后置定语，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义

If there's a lot of work____，I'm happy to just keep on until it is finished.

A. to do

B.to be doing

C.done

D.doing

解析：用不定式表示将要做的事情，并且在there be句型中，如果be后面的sth.要跟上不定式，要用主动形式表示被动含义，故选择A项。

8.在be worth doing结构中，用-ing分词形式表示被动含义

The song is well worth listening to a second time.这首歌值得听第二遍。

9.不能用被动语态的动词及动词短语。如：cost， fit， suit，benefit， lack，happen to do sth，last， spread， belong to， break out， run out， go out， shut off，take place， work out， lose heart， consist of。

Food supplies in the flood-stricken area____.We must act immediately before there's none left.

A. have run out

B.are running out

C.have been run out

D.are being run out

解析：根據句意与语境可知，食品供应即将耗尽。run out为不及物动词短语，不能使用被动形式，由此可排除C和D两个选项。B选项为现在进行时态，可以表示将来，符合题意。故选择B项。

10.不定式to let，to seek，to blame（应受责备），to decide on用主动形式表示被动含义。

Mr Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy， saying that he was not the one___________.

A. blamed

B.blaming

C.to blame

D.to be blamed

解析：blame表示“应负责任”，常用主动形式表示被动含义。根据句法，用不定式“to blame”做词“the one”的后置定语。故选择C项。

巩固性练习

1. The 32rd Summer Olympic Games _______ in Tokyo， Japan， 2020.

A. was held

B. was holding

C. will be held

D. will be holding

2. He could have helped us， but he _______ from coming in time by a traffic jam.

A. has been prevented

B. had been prevented

C. is prevented

D. was prevented

3. Not until he called the secretary three times _______ that the manager went to animportant meeting.

A. did he tell

B. he told

C. was he told

D. he was told

4. English has been changing for centuries， and even now， new words and expressions_______ nearly every day.

A. have added

B. are being added

C. are added

D. have been added

5. Although many measures _______， the world's economy is still going down.

A. were taken

B. will be taken

C. are taken

D. have been taken

6. It is reported in the papers that the old coins_______ under the earth for about 200 yearsby the time they were discovered.

A. had buried

B. had been buried

C. buried

D. were buried

7. Nobody has any idea that how long it will be before the hostages _______.

A. are released

B. will be released

C. are to be released

D. has been released

8. With the help of high technology， more than one oil fields _______ in the last two decades.

A. were discovered

B. have discovered

C. have been discovered

D. has been discovered

9. Great changes________in my town and many a factory______

A. are taken place； are set up

B. have been taken place； have been set up

C. took place； are set up

D. have taken place； has been set up

10. The tree over there is so tall that I suppose it _____ nearly twenty meters.

A. measures

B. is measured

C. measure

D. to be measured

11. —Good morning. Doctor Brown's office.

—Hello， this is Tom Smith. Could you please tell Doctor Brown I ______？ My car_______ start.

A. was delayed； doesn't

B. will be delayed； won't

C. am delayed； didn't

D. would delay； mustn't

12. I _______ a book on fashion at the moment， and it _______

in the book that Europeansstarted to wear top hats in the early 1800s

A. read； is said

B. am reading； is saying

C. was reading； was saying

D. am reading； says

13. We find the oil in the car ______.

A. has been run out

B. is run out

C. has run out

D. being run out

14. New technology _

～ to make sure that the cars， taxis， buses and trains we use_______the air.

A. is used； not pollute

B. has used； is not polluted

C. is being used； do not pollute

D. has been used； to pollute

15. The cause he had devoted himself to ______ a perfect success.

A. proving

B. proved

C. was proved

D. has been proved

Keys ：1～5 CDCBD

6～10 BACDA

11～15 BDCCB