航运习惯在我国水路货物运输纠纷中的适用

黄晶

摘要：为有效弥补调整水路货物运输法律的缺失，讨论航运习惯在我国水路货物运输纠纷中的适用。《民法典》的生效使习惯被正式确定为补充性法源，为航运习惯在水路货物运输纠纷中的适用提供了法律依据。航运习惯不仅包括被国际航运界所公认的具有法律约束力的习惯做法，也应包括在国内水路货物运输领域多年来形成的具有法律约束力的习惯做法。《国内水路货物运输规则》虽被废止但其形成的很多做法可作为航运习惯继续得以适用。《海商法》修改时应确立航运习惯的法源地位，使之不仅适用于具有涉外因素的海商海事案件，也适用于国内海商海事案件，这将有助于司法实践对航运习惯的适用。

关键词： 航运习惯; 国内水路货物运输; 民法典; 法律适用

中图分类号： DF593    文献标志码： A

Abstract： In order to make up for the laws regulating waterway cargo transportation， the paper discusses the application of shipping customs in the disputes of waterway cargo transportation in China. With the entry into force of the Civil Code， customs have been formally established as a supplementary source of law， which provides a legal basis for the application of shipping customs in the disputes of domestic waterway cargo transportation. Shipping customs not only include legally binding customary practices recognized by the international shipping community， but also include legally binding customary practices that have formed over the years in the field of China’s waterway cargo transportation. Although the Rules for the Domestic Waterway Cargo Transportation has been abolished， many practices can continue to be applied as shipping customs. The amendment of the Maritime Law should establish the status of the source of law of shipping customs， so that it should not only apply to maritime cases involving foreign elements but also apply to China’s maritime cases， which will help the application of shipping customs to judicial practice.

Key words： shipping custom; domestic waterway cargo transportation; civil code; application of law

0 引 言

《中华人民共和国民法典》（以下简称《民法典》）第10条①将习惯确立为正式的法律渊源之一，较之《民法通则》第6条②，用习惯取代了国家政策，这是法律适用上的重大突破。哈特[1]在《法律的概念》中写到，法律是一种社会构建，法律取代了习惯但又立基于习惯。习惯在大多数法律体系中的地位虽然是次要的，但确实占有一席之地。在规制水路货物运输法律缺位的情况下，有学者提议废止前的《国内水路货物运输规则》（以下简称《货规》）形成的很多做法可作为习惯继续得以适用[2]。本文结合当前司法实践对航运习惯在我国水路货物运输纠纷中的适用进行分析研究。……