古代龟背纹造型演变及其文化映射关系

张婉莉 陈钰丹 张佳蔚 张毅

摘要： 龟背纹在本土的发展与龟文化的褒贬变化有着不可分割的关系。文章借助出土文物、纺织品、石窟壁画和相关文献，提炼出各个朝代特有的龟背纹造型，再从历时性和共时性的角度探寻龟背纹在中国流变的来踪去迹及其与龟文化发展的契合点，为龟背纹的艺术形式提供新的理论依据。分析表明：中国早期的龟崇拜为龟背纹在本土的传播奠定了基础，故在汉代的陆上丝绸之路中传入的龟背纹能被大众接受并广为流传，宋代的龟崇拜普及到民间，并创新出用多层轮廓线制造套叠式本土龟背纹，但元明两代的“龟患”思想导致龟背纹逐渐沦为辅助纹样。

关键词： 龟背纹;龟文化;图案骨架;造型流变;映射关系

中图分类号： TS941.12;K876.9

文献标志码： B

文章编号： 1001-7003（2021）05-0101-06

引用页码： 051203

DOI： 10.3969/j.issn.1001-7003.2021.05.015（篇序）

Abstract： The local development of turtle back pattern has an indivisible relation with the positive and negative change of turtle culture. In virtue of the unearthed cultural relics， textiles， cave murals and related documents， this paper refined the unique turtle back pattern of each dynasty， and then explored the evolution of turtle back pattern in China and its coherence with the development of turtle culture from the diachronic and synchronic perspectives， thereby offering a novel theoretical basis for the art form of turtle back pattern. The analysis showed that the preliminary tortoise worship in China laid the foundation for the circulation of turtle back pattern in China， resulting in the widespread acceptance of the turtle back pattern by the public during its introduction along the Silk Road in Han dynasty. With the popularization of turtle worship in Song dynasty among the folk， the multi-layer contour line was innovated to create the local turtle back pattern. However， the turtle back pattern gradually became an auxiliary pattern due to the "plagued turtle" thought in Yuan and Ming dynasties.

Key words： turtle back pattern; turtle culture; pattern skeleton; shape change; mapping relations

《中华艺术文化辞典》中龟背纹的定义为：“又称‘龟甲纹，传统几何纹样的一种。由六角形骨架的基本单位构成的四方连续纹样。龟背上的几何纹理极其相似，故名。”这种六边形的传统装饰纹样很早就流行于古埃及地区，在古代织物和壁画上也频繁出现。但是拥有悠久龟文化历史的中国在汉代时才有真正的具有龟背纹的文物，并在历代共时性的文化影响下逐渐演变出了不同造型的龟背纹。究其主要因素是龟文化的迭变，因不同时期的龟文化在外来文化的融合或冲突下有所改变，从而也就会影响龟背纹的组合样式。本文从龟文化……