桑弘羊长期主持盐铁专卖的原因分析

樊静茹

摘要 以盐铁会议为分界点，探讨了桑弘羊长期主持盐铁专卖的原因。将桑弘羊以盐铁专卖为主体的经济政策主持国家财政23年之久的主要原因归结为：年幼时家庭经商环境的影响、少年时跟随武帝时的磨练、成年后自身的经济思想。认为桑弘羊在盐铁会议后坚持盐铁专卖的原因主要是坚持毕生经营的整个财政经济政策，维持既得利益和为权力斗争夯实基础。盐铁专卖政策是桑弘羊经济政策的重要组成部分，并且在汉武帝时期增加了国家财政收入，在一定程度上抑制了诸侯割据势力，对大一统局面的形成起到了积极的作用。

关键词 桑弘羊；盐铁专卖；汉武帝；盐铁会议

中图分类号 S-09 文献标识码 A 文章编号 0517-6611（2017）07-0257-02

Analysis of the Causes of Presiding over the Long-term Monopoly of Salt and Iron by Sang Hongyang—With the Conference of Iron Salt as the Cut-off Point

FAN Jing-ru

（Shannxi Normal University， Linfen，Shanxi 041000）

Abstract With the conference of iron salt as a cut-off point， the causes of presiding over the long-term monopoly of salt and iron by Sang Hongyang were analysed. The main reasons for Sang hongyang presiding over 23 years by the national finance on the basis of iron salt Monopoly Policy come down to： the influence of family business environment as a young child， teenager followed when the Emperor Wu of Han and own economic thought in adulthood. After the conference of iron salt， the reasons of Sang Hongyang insisted monopoly of salt and iron is mainly adhere to the life management of the fiscal and economic policies， maintain vested interests， solid foundation for power struggle. Iron salt monopoly policy is an important part of Sang Hongyang economic policy， and it increased state revenues in the Emperor Wu of Han period. To a certain extent， it suppressed separation forces from vassals， which played an active role for the Han Dynasty unified situation.

Key words Sang Hongyang；Iron salt monopoly policy；Emperor Wu of Han；The conference of iron salt

漢武帝采取“有為”的治国策略，为了巩固边疆，他开始多次大规模征讨匈奴，导致军费开支庞大。再加上天灾使百姓的生活更加困苦不堪，四处逃亡。当时的豪商地主通过盐铁的开采和贩运买卖获得了巨额财富，但是当国家遇到困难时又“不佐国家之急”[1]，有的趁机哄抬物价，使百姓的生活更加雪上加霜。更有甚者仰仗自己富可敌国、财富万千就“交通王侯”，形成分裂割据势力。

汉武帝从元狩三年（公元前120年）起开始任用“兴利之臣”，选用善于理财的人，让他们主持全国的财政经济工作。元狩六年（公元前117年），熟悉盐铁事务的大盐商东郭咸阳和大冶铁商孔仅向汉武帝提出了盐铁专卖的详细实行措施，即“募民自给费，因官器作煮盐，官与牢盆……敢私铸铁器煮盐者，没入其器物。