诗词赋呈现音乐美的三重维度

王云

关键词：诗词赋;音乐美;艺术手法

摘 要：儒家的音乐价值观导致了古代中国人对音乐超乎寻常的推崇，继而导致了大量呈现音乐美的诗词赋的问世。诗词赋是语言的艺术，描述音乐形象绝非书面语言所长，但这些诗词赋却又要借助书面语言来描述音乐形象，并进而令人领略音乐的美。古代诗人是如何成功地做到这一点的？阅读这些诗词赋，不难发现它们共同的策略：以某一（些）具体的艺术手法令人联想音乐形象并进而令人感受音乐美。如果熟悉当下的音乐评论，你会发现，这些艺术手法也大多为音乐评论为用。本文试图从音乐的特征、音乐的效果、音乐的来源这三个维度总领这些诗词赋呈现音乐美的十种具体的艺术手法，从而对它们及其赖以形成的原理做出全面而系统的总结。

中图分类号：I024文献标志码：A文章编号：1001-2435（2020）02-0065-08

Three Dimensions for Ancient Chinese Poems to Present Musical Beauty

WANG Yun（Shanghai Theatre Academy，Institute of the Arts ，Shanghai 200040，China）

Key words：ancient Chinese poetry;musical beauty;artistic techniques

Abstract：Confucian music values led to ancient Chinese peoples admiration for music and the emergence of a large number of poems presenting musical beauty. Poetry is the art of language. Describing musical image is by no means the advantage of written language. However，these poems have to use written language to describe the musical image，thus facilitating readers to appreciate the musical beauty. How did ancient poets finally succeed in this？Its not hard for us to find their common strategy by reading these poems：make readers associate the musical image，and feel the musical beauty with one or some specific artistic techniques. If familiar with the current music reviews，you will find that these artistic techniques are mostly used for music reviews. The essay attempts to generalize the ten specific techniques for presenting musical beauty in these poems from the three dimensions：music characteristics，music effect and music source，and to make a comprehensive and systematic summary of the dimensions，the techniques and the principles on which they are based.

《禮记·乐记》：“夫乐者，乐者，人情之所不能免也。”[1]1032这大约是世上几乎所有民族都推崇音乐的基本理由，然而，不同民族推崇音乐的深层理由各不相同。《论语·子路》记孔子语曰：“礼乐不兴，则刑罚不中;刑罚不中，则民无所措手足。”[2]522 而《礼记·乐记》则云：“故礼以道其志，乐以和其声，政以一其行，刑以防其奸。礼、乐、刑、政，其极一也，所以同民心而出治道也。”[1]977音乐乃治国平天下的工具，这是儒家为其重视音乐而给出的深层理由。儒家思想在古代意识形态中占据主流地位，而这一深层理由又契合“政治正确”，因而即使墨家“非乐”，也丝毫未能动摇儒家的音乐价值观，自然也未能动摇古代中国人对音乐超乎寻常的推崇。……